View source for Aluminium chlorohydrate

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{{chembox
| Name = Basic aluminium chloride
| OtherNames = Aluminium hydroxychloride<br/>Aluminium chlorhydroxide<br/>Aluminium chlorohydrol<br/>Polyaluminium chloride
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|   CASNo = 1327-41-9
|    CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}}
|   EINECS = 215-477-2
|   ATCCode_prefix = M05
|   ATCCode_suffix = BX02
  }}
}}
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| Name = Aluminium chloride dihydroxide
| IUPACName = aluminium chloride dihydroxide
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|   CASNo = 10284-64-7
|   EINECS = 233-632-2
|   InChI = 1/Al.ClH.2H2O/h;1H;2*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
|   InChIKey = YCLAMANSVUJYPT-DFZHHIFOAH
|   StdInChI = 1S/Al.ClH.2H2O/h;1H;2*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
|   StdInChIKey = YCLAMANSVUJYPT-UHFFFAOYSA-K
|   ChemSpiderID = 8373134
  }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula  = AlCl(OH)<sub>2</sub>
|   MolarMass  = 96.449 g/mol
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
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}}
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{{chembox
| Name = Aluminium dichloride hydroxide
| IUPACName = aluminium dichloride hydroxide
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|   CASNo = 14215-15-7
|   EINECS = 238-071-7
|   InChI = 1/Al.2ClH.H2O/h;2*1H;1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
|   InChIKey = IDOSCGGXFAKNLS-DFZHHIFOAS
|   StdInChI = InChI=1S/Al.2ClH.H2O/h;2*1H;1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
|   StdInChIKey = IDOSCGGXFAKNLS-UHFFFAOYSA-K
|   ChemSpiderID = 8466237 
  }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula  = AlCl<sub>2</sub>(OH)
|   MolarMass  = 114.89 g/mol
  }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
  }}
}}
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{{chembox
| Name = Dialuminium chloride pentahydroxide
| IUPACName = dialuminium chloride pentahydroxide
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|   CASNo = 12042-91-0
|    CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}}
|   EINECS = 234-933-1
|   InChI = 1/2Al.ClH.5H2O/h;;1H;5*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;/p-6
|   InChIKey = ZGRQKCWNBYXGOB-CYFPFDDLAZ
|   StdInChI = 1S/2Al.ClH.5H2O/h;;1H;5*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;/p-6
|   StdInChIKey = ZGRQKCWNBYXGOB-UHFFFAOYSA-H
|   ChemSpiderID = 8329776
  }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula  = Al<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>5</sub>
|   MolarMass  = 174.45 g/mol
  }}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
|   ExternalMSDS = [http://www.gulbrandsen.com/pdf/ACHmsds.pdf External MSDS]
  }}
}}
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'''Aluminium chlorohydrate''' or '''basic aluminium chloride''' is a group of [[salt]]s having the general formula Al<sub>''n''</sub>Cl<sub>(3''n''-''m'')</sub>(OH)<sub>''m''</sub>. It is used in [[deodorant]]s and [[antiperspirant]]s and as a [[flocculation|flocculant]] in [[water purification]]. 

In water purification, where it is usually called '''polyaluminium chloride''', this compound is preferred in some cases because the [[PH|pH value]] can be varied according to the exact values chosen for the subscripts ''n'' and ''m'' in the pattern formula.  Although many variations are used, an especially important combination is Al<sub>12</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub>. The actual pH correlates to the formula ''m''/(3''n''). 

==Structure==
Aluminium chlorohydrate is best described as an inorganic polymer and as such is difficult to structurally characterise. However, techniques such as [[gel permeation chromatography]], [[X-ray crystallography]] and <sup>27</sup>Al-NMR have been used in research by various groups including that of Nazar<ref>{{citation | title = Speciation and Thermal Transformation in Alumina Sols: Structures of the Polyhydroxyoxoaluminum Cluster &#91;Al<sub>30</sub>O<sub>8</sub>(OH)<sub>56</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>26</sub>&#93;<sup>18+</sup> and Its δ-Keggin Moieté | first1 = L. C. | last1 = Rowsell | first2 = L. F. | last2 = Nazar  | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year = 2000 | volume = 122 | issue = 15 | page = 3777–78 | doi = 10.1021/ja993711+}}.</ref> and Laden<ref>{{citation | title = Antiperspirants and Deodorants | edition = 2nd | editor1-first = Karl | editor1-last = Laden | editor2-first = Carl B. | editor2-last = Felger | year = 1999 | isbn = 0824717465}}.</ref> to show that the material is based on Al<sub>13</sub> units with a [[Keggin structure|Keggin ion]] structure and that this base unit then undergoes complex transformations to form larger poly-aluminium complexes.

==Synthesis==
Aluminium chlorohydrate can be commercially manufactured by reacting aluminium with [[hydrochloric acid]]. A number of aluminium-containing raw materials can be used, including [[aluminium]] [[metal]], [[alumina trihydrate]], [[aluminium chloride]], [[aluminium sulfate]] and combinations of these. The products can contain by-product salts, such as [[sodium chloride|sodium]]/[[calcium chloride|calcium]]/[[magnesium chloride|magnesium]] [[chloride]] or [[sulfate]].<ref>{{Citation | title = ANSI/AWWA B408-03 Liquid Polyaluminum Chloride | location =  | publisher = American Water Works Association | year = 2003}}.</ref>

Because of the potential explosive hazard of mixing aluminium metal with hydrochloric acid, the most common industrial practice is to prepare a solution of aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) by reacting [[aluminium hydroxide]] with [[hydrochloric acid]]. The ACH product is reacted with aluminium ingots at 100&nbsp;°C using steam in an open mixing tank.  The Al to ACH ratio and the time of reaction allowed determines the polymer form of the PAC ''n'':''m'' ratio.

==Safety==
The variation most commonly used in deodorants and antiperspirants is Al<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>5</sub>.  There is no scientific evidence supporting widespread rumors that aluminium salts in deodorants can cause [[Alzheimer's disease]] or [[breast cancer]]. Amongst others, research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute<ref>{{citation | first1 = Dana K. | last1 = Mirick | first2 = Scott | last2 = Davis | first3 = David B. | last3 = Thomas  | title = Antiperspirant Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer | year = 2002 | journal = J. Natl. Cancer Inst. | volume = 94 | issue = 20 | pages = 1578–80 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/94.20.1578}}.</ref> found no evidence whatsoever that these compounds increase the risk of breast cancer. However, aluminium is a neurotoxin that alters the function of the blood-brain barrier<ref>{{citation | last1 = Banks | first1 = William A. | last2 = Kastin | first2 = Abba J. | title = Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier | journal = Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. | year = 1989 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–53 | doi = 10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X}}.</ref>, and it is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function to living cells.

==External links==
* {{ATC|D09|AA08}}, {{ATC|M05|BX02}}
*{{PGCH|0024}}
*{{EHC|194|name=Aluminium}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Aluminium compounds]]
[[Category:Chlorides]]
[[Category:Basic salts]]
[[Category:Medicated dressings]]
[[Category:Drugs for the treatment of bone diseases]]

{{Imported from Wikipedia|name=Aluminium chlorohydrate|id=318864047}}