Difference between revisions of "Freezing-point depression"
Physchim62 (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{TOCright}} '''Freezing-point depression''' is the decrease in temperature of the freezing point of a solution compared to that of the pure solvent. It is a [[colligative pr...") |
Physchim62 (talk | contribs) |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| [[Benzene]] || align=center | 5.12 | | [[Benzene]] || align=center | 5.12 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[Camphor]] || align=center | 40 | + | | [[Camphor]] || align=center | 40 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[Carbon disulfide]] || align=center | 3.8 | + | | [[Carbon disulfide]] || align=center | 3.8 |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Chloroform]] || align=center | 4.90 | | [[Chloroform]] || align=center | 4.90 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[Cyclohexane]] || align=center | 20.1 | + | | [[Cyclohexane]] || align=center | 20.1 |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Diethyl ether]] || align=center | 1.79 | | [[Diethyl ether]] || align=center | 1.79 | ||
| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
| [[Pyridine]] || align=center | 4.75 | | [[Pyridine]] || align=center | 4.75 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[Tetrachloromethane]] || align=center | 30& | + | | [[Tetrachloromethane]] || align=center | 30 |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Water]] || align=center | 1.86 | | [[Water]] || align=center | 1.86 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | colspan=2 | ''Data'': Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical<br/>& Chemical Constants<ref>{{ | + | | colspan=2 | ''Data'': Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical<br/>& Chemical Constants<ref>{{Kaye&Laby | contribution = Crysocopic and ebullioscopic constants and enthalpies of fusion and of evaporation of some common solvents | url = http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/chemistry/3_10/3_10_4.html | chapter = 3.10.4 | accessdate = 2011-03-27}}.</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The freezing-point depression Δ''T''<sub>f</sub> is proportional to the [[molality]] of the solution ''m'': the proportionality constant is called the '''cryoscopic constant''' ''K''<sub>f</sub>. | The freezing-point depression Δ''T''<sub>f</sub> is proportional to the [[molality]] of the solution ''m'': the proportionality constant is called the '''cryoscopic constant''' ''K''<sub>f</sub>. | ||
| − | :Δ''T''<sub> | + | :Δ''T''<sub>f</sub> = ''K''<sub>f</sub>''m'' |
The molality of the solution is the amount of solute divided by the mass of solvent. For dilute solutions, where the mass of the solution can be approximated by the mass of solvent, the molality is equal to the [[mass fraction]] ''w'' of solute divided by its [[molar mass]] ''M''.<ref group="Note">In formal terms, ''w'' = ''m''<sub>2</sub>/(''m''<sub>1</sub>+''m''<sub>2</sub>) ≈ ''m''<sub>2</sub>/''m''<sub>1</sub> if ''m''<sub>2</sub> ≪ ''m''<sub>1</sub> (here, ''m''<sub>2</sub> is the mass of solute and ''m''<sub>1</sub> is the mass of solvent).</ref> Hence, the molar mass of a solute can be calculated from the freezing-point depression by | The molality of the solution is the amount of solute divided by the mass of solvent. For dilute solutions, where the mass of the solution can be approximated by the mass of solvent, the molality is equal to the [[mass fraction]] ''w'' of solute divided by its [[molar mass]] ''M''.<ref group="Note">In formal terms, ''w'' = ''m''<sub>2</sub>/(''m''<sub>1</sub>+''m''<sub>2</sub>) ≈ ''m''<sub>2</sub>/''m''<sub>1</sub> if ''m''<sub>2</sub> ≪ ''m''<sub>1</sub> (here, ''m''<sub>2</sub> is the mass of solute and ''m''<sub>1</sub> is the mass of solvent).</ref> Hence, the molar mass of a solute can be calculated from the freezing-point depression by | ||
| − | :''M'' = ''K''<sub>f</sub>''w''/Δ''T''<sub> | + | :''M'' = ''K''<sub>f</sub>''w''/Δ''T''<sub>f</sub> |
This description only applies for dilute solutions. It also breaks down if the solute dissociates (e.g. [[electrolyte]]s) or associates (e.g. [[acetic acid]] in non-polar solvents) in solution. | This description only applies for dilute solutions. It also breaks down if the solute dissociates (e.g. [[electrolyte]]s) or associates (e.g. [[acetic acid]] in non-polar solvents) in solution. | ||
| Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Further reading=== | ||
| + | *{{citation | title = François-Marie Raoult, Master Cryoscopist | last = Getman | first = Frederick H. | journal = J. Chem. Educ. | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 153–55 | year = 1936 | doi = 10.1021/ed013p153}}. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Latest revision as of 08:03, 4 April 2011
Freezing-point depression is the decrease in temperature of the freezing point of a solution compared to that of the pure solvent. It is a colligative property: for dilute solutions of non-electrolytes, the difference in freezing point is proportional to the amount of solute.[1]
Cryoscopy is the experimental technique that uses freezing-point depression to measure the molecular weight of compounds: it is of historical interest only.[1]
Description
| Solvent | Kf K kg mol−1 |
|---|---|
| Acetic acid | 3.90 |
| Acetone | 2.40 |
| Aniline | 5.87 |
| Benzene | 5.12 |
| Camphor | 40 |
| Carbon disulfide | 3.8 |
| Chloroform | 4.90 |
| Cyclohexane | 20.1 |
| Diethyl ether | 1.79 |
| Naphthalene | 6.94 |
| Nitrobenzene | 6.90 |
| Phenol | 7.27 |
| Pyridine | 4.75 |
| Tetrachloromethane | 30 |
| Water | 1.86 |
| Data: Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants[2] | |
The freezing-point depression ΔTf is proportional to the molality of the solution m: the proportionality constant is called the cryoscopic constant Kf.
- ΔTf = Kfm
The molality of the solution is the amount of solute divided by the mass of solvent. For dilute solutions, where the mass of the solution can be approximated by the mass of solvent, the molality is equal to the mass fraction w of solute divided by its molar mass M.[Note 1] Hence, the molar mass of a solute can be calculated from the freezing-point depression by
- M = Kfw/ΔTf
This description only applies for dilute solutions. It also breaks down if the solute dissociates (e.g. electrolytes) or associates (e.g. acetic acid in non-polar solvents) in solution.
Derivation
We assume ideal solution behaviour, so that the chemical potential of the solvent in the solution μ(ℓ) is given by
- μ(ℓ) = μ0(ℓ) + RTln(1−x)
where μ0(ℓ) is the chemical potential of the pure solvent and x is the amount fraction of solute (so that 1−x is the amount fraction of solvent). The solution freezes when the solvent in the solution is in equilibrium with pure solid solvent, so μ(ℓ) must be equal to μ0(s), the chemical potential of the pure solid solvent.
- μ0(s) = μ(ℓ) = μ0(ℓ) + RTln(1−x)
- ln(1−x) = [μ0(s) − μ0(ℓ)]/RT = ΔfusG/RT
From the definition of the Gibbs energy change of fusion ΔfusG = ΔfusH − TΔfusS, we can write two equations, the first for the solution and the second for the pure solvent (where T0 is the freezing point of the pure solvent):
- ln(1−x) = ΔfusH/RT − ΔfusS/R
- ln(1) = ΔfusH/RT0 − ΔfusS/R
The difference of the two equations, remembering that ln(1) = 0, is
- ln(1−x) = (ΔfusH/R)[(1/T) − (1/T0)]
Approximating ln(1−x) ≈ −x (for x ≪ 1, i.e. dilute solution) gives
- x = (ΔfusH/R)[(1/T0) − (1/T)]
As T ≈ T0 (small depression of the freezing point), we can approximate (1/T0) − (1/T) ≈ ΔT/T20, so
- ΔT = (RT20/ΔfusH)x
The amount fraction of solute is equal to the molality of the solution m multiplied by the molar mass of the sovent M0, so
- ΔT = (RT20M0/ΔfusH)m
- Kf = RT20M0/ΔfusH
This derivation shows why freezing-point depression is proportional to the amount fraction of solute and hence, for dilute solutions, to the molality. Nevertheless, cryoscopic constants Kf are usually treated as empirical constants to be determined experimentally rather than being calculated from enthalpies of fusion.[1]
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ In formal terms, w = m2/(m1+m2) ≈ m2/m1 if m2 ≪ m1 (here, m2 is the mass of solute and m1 is the mass of solvent).
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Atkins, P. W. Physical Chemistry, 4th ed.; University Press: Oxford, 1990; pp 169–70. ISBN 0-19-855283-1.
- ↑ Crysocopic and ebullioscopic constants and enthalpies of fusion and of evaporation of some common solvents. In Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, 16th ed., 1995; Chapter 3.10.4, <http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/chemistry/3_10/3_10_4.html>. (accessed 27 March 2011).
Further reading
- Getman, Frederick H. François-Marie Raoult, Master Cryoscopist. J. Chem. Educ. 1936, 13 (4), 153–55. DOI: 10.1021/ed013p153.
External links
 |
See also the corresponding article on Wikipedia. |
| Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination |
This page is currently licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license and any later versions of that license. |
