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| − | From the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&page=Canada&id=82556351 Wikipedia. article], accessed October 20, 2006.
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| − | '''Canada''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|pronounced]] {{IPA|['kʰænədə]}} in [[English language|English]] and {{IPA|[kanada]}} in [[French language|French]]) is the world's [[List of countries by area|second-largest]] country by total area, occupying most of northern [[North America]]. Extending from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]] and northward into the [[Arctic Ocean]], Canada shares land borders with the [[United States]] to the south and to the northwest.
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| − | Inhabited first by [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples]], Canada was founded as a union of [[British overseas territories|British]] and former [[French colonial empires|French colonies]]. Canada gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in an incremental process that [[Constitution Act, 1867|began in 1867]] and [[Canada Act 1982|ended in 1982]]; the [[Head of State]], [[Queen Elizabeth II]] is also the Queen of the United Kingdom.
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| − | Canada is a [[federation|federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]]. It is divided into ten [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]] and three [[Provinces and territories of Canada#Territories of Canada|territories]]. A [[Bilingualism in Canada|bilingual]] and [[multiculturalism|multicultural]] nation, Canada uses both [[Canadian English|English]] and [[French in Canada|French]] as [[official language]]s. A technologically advanced and industrialized nation, Canada maintains a diversified [[Economy of Canada|economy]] heavily reliant on trade--particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a [[Canada-United States relations|long and complex relationship]]--and abundant natural resources.
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| − | ==Origin and history of the name==
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| − | {{main|Canada's name}}
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| − | <!-- Please see the talk page before editing or reverting this to specify which (of several) languages produced the word Canada. There are differences of opinion, which may be best discussed at the main article Canada's name -->
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| − | The name ''Canada'' comes from a [[First Nations]] word, ''kanata'', meaning "village" or "settlement". In [[1535]], inhabitants of the area near present-day [[Quebec City]] used the word to tell [[Jacques Cartier]] the way to the village of [[Stadacona]].<ref>{{cite book | first = Bruce G. |last = Trigger | coauthors = Pendergast, James F. | year = 1978 |chapter=Saint-Lawrence Iroquoians | title = Handbook of North American Indians Volume 15 | location= Washington |publisher= Smithsonian Institution | pages= pp. 357-361 | id = OCLC 58762737}}</ref> Cartier used the word 'Canada' to refer to not only that village, but the entire area subject to [[Donnacona]], Chief at Stadacona; by 1547, maps began referring to this and the surrounding area as Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/o5_e.cfm | title = Origin of the Name - Canada | publisher = Canadian Heritage | author = Canadian Heritage | date = 2004-07-16 | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref>
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| − | The French colony of [[Canada, New France|Canada]], [[New France]], was set up along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] and the northern shores of the [[Great Lakes]]. Later, it was split into two British colonies, called [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]] until their union as the British [[Province of Canada]] in 1841. Upon [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1867, the name Canada was officially adopted for the new [[dominion]], which was referred to as the ''Dominion of Canada'' until the 1950s. As Canada increasingly acquired political authority and autonomy from [[United Kingdom|Britain]], the federal government increasingly simply used ''Canada'' on state documents and treaties. The [[Canada Act 1982]] refers only to ''Canada'' and, as such, is currently the only legal (and bilingual) name. This was reflected again in 1982 with the renaming of the national holiday from [[Dominion Day]] to [[Canada Day]].
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| − | == History ==
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| − | {{Main|History of Canada|Timeline of Canadian history}}
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| − | Aboriginal tradition holds that the [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|First Peoples]] inhabited parts of Canada for a very long time, and some archaeological studies support human presence in northern [[Yukon]] to 26,500 years ago, and in southern [[Ontario]] to 9,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cinq-Mars | first = J. | year = 2001 | title = On the significance of modified mammoth bones from eastern Beringia | journal = The World of Elephants - International Congress, Rome | url = http://www.cq.rm.cnr.it/elephants2001/pdf/424_428.pdf | accessdate = 2006-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Wright, J.V |publisher= Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation |url=http://www.civilization.ca/archeo/hnpc/npvol04e.html |title=A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes|date=[[2001-09-27]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> Europeans first arrived when the [[Vikings]] settled briefly at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] circa AD 1000. The next Europeans to explore Canada's Atlantic coast included [[John Cabot]] in 1497 and [[Martin Frobisher]] in 1576, for [[Kingdom of England|England]]; and [[Jacques Cartier]] in 1534 and [[Samuel de Champlain]] in 1603, for [[France]]. The first permanent European settlements were established by the French at [[Port Royal, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] in 1605 and [[Quebec City]] in 1608, and by the English in [[Newfoundland]], around 1610. European explorers and trappers unwittingly brought diseases that spread rapidly through native trade routes and decimated the Aboriginal population.
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| − | [[Image:Death-wolfe.jpg|thumb|left|240px|''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'', painted by [[Benjamin West]], depicts British [[James Wolfe|General Wolfe]]'s death after his victory at the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] in 1759.]]
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| − | For much of the [[17th century]], the English and French colonies in North America were able to develop in relative isolation from each other. French colonists extensively settled the [[St. Lawrence River]] valley, while English colonists largely settled in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south. However, as competition for territory, naval bases, furs and fish escalated, several wars broke out between the French, [[Kingdom of England|English]] and Native tribes. The [[French and Iroquois Wars]] erupted between the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederation]] and the [[Algonquin]], with their French allies, over control of the fur trade. A series of four [[French and Indian Wars]] were fought between 1689 and 1763; these culminated with a complete British victory in the [[Seven Years' War]]. By the terms of [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1763, Britain gained control of all of France's North American territory east of the [[Mississippi River]], except for the remote islands of [[St. Pierre and Miquelon]].
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| − | Following the war, the British found themselves in possession of a mostly French-speaking, [[Roman Catholic]] territory, whose inhabitants had recently taken up arms against Britain. To avert conflict, Britain passed the [[Quebec Act]] of 1774, re-establishing the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law in Quebec. The act had unforseen consequences for Britain, however, as it angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, helping to fuel the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web | author= |publisher= |title= Wars on Our Soil, earliest times to 1885 |accessdate=2006-08-21 |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/gallery1/revolution2_e.html}}</ref> Following the independence of the United States, approximately 50,000 [[United Empire Loyalists]] moved to [[Province of Quebec (1763-1791)|Quebec]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Prince Edward Island]] and Newfoundland.<ref name="moore">{{cite book |first= Christopher |last=Moore |year=1994 |title=The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location= Toronto |id=ISBN 0-7710-6093-9}}</ref> As they were unwelcome in Nova Scotia, [[New Brunswick]] was carved out of that colony for them in 1784. To accommodate the English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the province was divided into francophone [[Lower Canada]] and anglophone [[Upper Canada]] under the [[Constitutional Act]] in 1791.
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| − | Canada was a major front in the [[War of 1812]] between the United States and British Empire and its successful defence had important long-term [[War of 1812#Effects on British North America|effects on Canada]], including the building of a sense of unity and nationalism among British North Americans. Large-scale immigration to Canada began in 1815 from Britain and Ireland. A series of agreements led to long-term peace between Canada and the United States, interrupted only briefly by raids made by political insurgents such as the [[Hunters' Lodges]] and the [[Fenian Brotherhood]].
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| − | Following the failed [[Rebellions of 1837]], which demanded [[responsible government]], colonial officials studied the political situation and issued the [[Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)|Durham Report]] in 1839. One goal—which proved unacceptable for the alliance of anglophone and francophone reformers that had rebelled in 1837—was to assimilate the French Canadians into British culture.<ref name="ce_durhamreport">{{cite web |author=David Mills |publisher= Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002473 |title=Durham Report |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> [[The Canadas]] were merged into a single, quasi-federal colony, the [[United Province of Canada]], with the [[Act of Union (1840)]]. The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] and ending joint occupation of the [[Oregon Country]]/[[Columbia District]]. This led to the creation of the colony of [[Colony of Vancouver Island]] in 1849 and, with the outbreak of the [[Fraser Canyon Gold Rush]], the colony of [[Colony of British Columbia|British Columbia]] in 1858, but both were entirely separate from the United Province of Canada. By the late 1850s, leaders in Canada launched a series of western exploratory expeditions, with the intention of assuming control of [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[Arctic]] region. The Canadian population grew rapidly because of high birth rates; high European immigration was offset by emigration to the United States, especially by French Canadians moving to [[New England]].
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| − | [[Image:Johnamacdonald1870.jpg|thumb|left|Sir [[John A. Macdonald]], first [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]].]]
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| − | Following the [[Great Coalition]], the [[Charlottetown Conference]], the [[Quebec Conference, 1864|Quebec Conference]] of 1864, and the [[London Conference of 1866|London Conference]] of 1866, the three colonies—Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—undertook the process of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]]. The [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act]] created "one dominion under the name of [[Canada's name#Adoption of Dominion|Canada]]", with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.<ref>{{cite book | last=Farthing |first= John |title= Freedom Wears a Crown |location= Toronto |publisher=Kingswood House |date=1957 |id = ASIN B0007JC4G2}}</ref> After Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the [[North-Western Territory]], which together formed the [[Northwest Territories]] in 1870, inattention to the [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] led to the [[Red River Rebellion]] and ultimately to the creation of the province of [[Manitoba]] and its entry into Confederation in July 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had [[United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia|united]] in 1866) and the colony of [[Prince Edward Island]] joined the Confederation in 1871 and 1873, respectively. To connect the union and assert authority over the western provinces, Canada constructed three trans-continental railways, most notably the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]], encouraged immigrants to develop the prairies with the [[Dominion Lands Act]], and established the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|North West Mounted Police]]. As settlers went to the prairies on the railway and the population grew, regions of the Northwest Territories were given provincial status forming [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]] in 1905.
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| − | [[Image:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Canadian soldiers advance behind a tank at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 1917.]]
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| − | Canada automatically entered the [[First World War]] in 1914 with Britain's declaration of war, and sent formed divisions, composed almost entirely of volunteers, to the Western Front to fight as a national contingent. Casualties were so high that Prime Minister [[Robert Borden]] was forced to bring in [[Conscription Crisis of 1917|conscription]] in 1917; this move was extremely unpopular in Quebec, resulting in his Conservative party losing support in that province. Although the Liberals were deeply divided over conscription, they became the dominant political party.
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| − | In 1919, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] in its own right, and in 1931 the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] confirmed that no act of the [[British Parliament]] would extend to Canada without its consent. At the same time, the worldwide [[Great Depression of 1929]] affected Canadians of every class; the rise of the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) in Alberta and Saskatchewan presaged a welfare state as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]] in the 1940s and 1950s. After supporting appeasement of Germany in the late 1930s, Liberal Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] secured Parliament’s approval for [[Military history of Canada during World War II|entry into the Second World War]] in September 1939, after Germany invaded Poland. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. <ref name="stacey">{{cite book | last = Stacey |first= C.P.| authorlink =C.P. Stacey | title=History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War | publisher = Queen's Printer | year= 1948}}</ref> The economy boomed during the war mainly due to the amount of military [[materiel]]<!-- This is not a misspelling. Follow the link to find out the difference between material and materiel --> being produced for Canada, Britain, China and the Soviet Union. Canada finished the war with one of the largest militaries in the world.<ref name="stacey" /> In 1949, the formerly independent [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] joined the Confederation as Canada's 10th province.
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| − | By Canada's centennial in 1967, heavy post-war immigration from various war-ravaged European countries had changed the country's demographics.<ref>{{cite web | author= Harold Troper |publisher= Ontario Institute for Studies in Education |url=http://ceris.metropolis.net/Virtual%20Library/Demographics/troper1/troper1.html |title=History of Immigration to Toronto Since the Second World War: From Toronto 'the Good' to Toronto 'the World in a City' |date=2000-03 |accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> In addition, throughout the [[Vietnam War]], thousands of American [[draft dodger]]s fled to and settled in various parts of Canada.<ref>{{cite web | author= |publisher= |title= Toronto Anti-Draft Program: Where the Guys Who Said "No!" Came for Help |accessdate=2006-05-19 |url=http://www.radicalmiddle.com/tadp.htm}}</ref><ref name="CBC Archives on Draft Dodgers">{{cite web | author= |publisher= CBC Archives |title= "Seeking Sanctuary: Draft Dodgers" |accessdate=2006-05-19 |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-348/conflict_war/draft_dodgers}}</ref> Increased immigration, combined with the baby boom, an economic strength parallelling that of the 1960s United States, and reaction to the [[Quiet Revolution]] in Quebec, initiated a new type of Canadian nationalism.
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| − | At a meeting of First Ministers in November 1981, the federal and provincial governments agreed to the [[patriation]] of the constitution, with [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|procedures for amending it]]. Despite the fact that the Quebec government did not agree to the changes, on [[17 April]], [[1982]], Canada, by Proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II, patriated its Constitution from Britain, thereby making Canada wholly sovereign, though the two countries continue to share the same monarch.
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| − | After Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes during the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1960s, some [[Québécois]] began pressing for greater provincial autonomy, or partial or complete independence from Canada. Alienation between English-speaking Canadians and the Québécois over the language, cultural and social divide had been exacerbated by many events, including the [[Conscription Crisis of 1944]]. While a referendum on [[sovereignty-association]] in [[1980 Quebec referendum|1980]] was rejected by a solid majority of the population, a second referendum in [[1995 Quebec referendum|1995]] was rejected by a margin of just 50.6% to 49.4%.<ref name="dickinson">{{cite book |first= John Alexander |last=Dickinson |coauthors=Young, Brian |year=2003 |title=A Short History of Quebec |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |edition=3rd edition |location= Montreal |id=ISBN 0-7735-2450-9}}</ref> In 1997, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled [[Reference re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession by a province to be unconstitutional]]; Quebec's sovereignty movement has continued nonetheless. <ref name="dickinson" />
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| − | Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The [[Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement]] of 1987 was a defining moment in integrating the two countries. In recent decades, Canadians have worried about their cultural autonomy as American television shows, movies and corporations became omnipresent.<ref name="granatstein">{{cite book |first= J.L. |last=Granatstein |year=1997 |title=Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism |publisher=HarperCollins |location= Toronto |id=ISBN 0-00-638541-9}}</ref> However, Canadians take special pride in their [[Health care in Canada|system of universal health care]] and their commitment to multiculturalism.<ref name="bickerton" >{{cite book |author=Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds). |title=Canadian Politics |publisher=Broadview Press |edition=4th edition |location=Orchard Park, NY |id=ISBN 1-55111-595-6 |year=2004}}</ref>
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| − | ==Government==
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| − | [[Image:Canada Parliament2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Parliament Hill]], [[Ottawa]].]]
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| − | {{Main|Government of Canada|Politics of Canada|Monarchy in Canada}}
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| − | Canada is a [[constitutional monarchy]] with [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], Queen of Canada as head of state<ref>{{cite web |author=Heritage Canada |authorlink=Department of Canadian Heritage |publisher= Heritage Canada |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/royalvisit2005/53_e.cfm |title=The Queen and Canada: 53 Years of Growing Together|date=[[2005-04-21]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Governor General of Canada |authorlink=Governor General of Canada |publisher= Governor General of Canada|url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/rr/index_e.asp |title=Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General|date=[[2005-12-06]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref>, and a [[parliamentary democracy]] with a [[federation|federal system]] of [[Parliament|parliamentary government]] and strong democratic traditions.
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| − | [[Constitution of Canada|Canada's constitution]] governs the legal framework of the country and consists of written text and unwritten traditions and conventions.<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Justice |publisher= Department of Justice, Canada |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/index.html |title=Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> The Constitution includes the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]], which guarantees basic rights and freedoms for Canadians that, generally, cannot be overridden by legislation of any level of government in Canada. It contains, however, a "[[Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|notwithstanding clause]]", which allows the federal parliament and the provincial legislatures the power to override some other sections of the Charter temporarily, for a period of five years.
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| − | The position of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]], Canada's [[head of government]], belongs to the leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a majority in the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]]. The Prime Minister and their Cabinet are formally appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] (who is the Monarch's representative in Canada). However, the Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet, and by convention, the Governor General respects the Prime Minister's choices. The [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] is traditionally drawn from members of the Prime Minister's party in both legislative houses, and mostly from the House of Commons. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, all of whom are sworn into the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]], and become Ministers of the Crown. The Prime Minister exercises vast political power, especially in the appointment of other officials within the government and [[civil service]]. [[Michaëlle Jean]] has served as Governor General since [[September 25]], [[2005]], and [[Stephen Harper]], leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]], has served as Prime Minister since [[February 6]], [[2006]].
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| − | The [[Parliament of Canada|federal parliament]] is made up of the Queen and two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed [[Canadian Senate|Senate]]. Each member in the House of Commons is elected by [[plurality electoral system|simple plurality]] in a [[electoral district (Canada)|"riding" or electoral district]]; general elections are called by the Governor General when the Prime Minister so advises. While there is no minimum term for a Parliament, a new election must be called within five years of the last general election. Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, are chosen by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the Governor General, and serve until age 75.
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| − | Canada's four major political parties are the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], [[Liberal Party of Canada]], [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP), and the [[Bloc Québécois]]. The current government is formed by the Conservative Party of Canada. While the [[Green Party of Canada]] and other smaller parties do not have current representation in Parliament, the list of [[List of political parties in Canada#Historical parties that have won seats in Parliament|historical parties with elected representation]] is substantial.
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| − | ==Law==
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| − | [[Image:Supreme Court of Canada.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill]]
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| − | {{main|Law of Canada}}
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| − | Canada's [[judiciary]] plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] is the highest court and final arbiter and is led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice [[Beverley McLachlin]], P.C. Its nine members are appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] on the advice of the Prime Minister. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice, after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels. Judicial posts at the lower provincial and territorial levels are filled by their respective governments (see [[Court system of Canada]] for more detail).
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| − | [[Common law]] prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] predominates. [[Criminal law in Canada|Criminal law]] is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is a provincial responsibility, but in rural areas of most provinces policing is contracted to the federal [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP).
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| − | ==Foreign relations and military==
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| − | [[Image:Peacekeeping monument.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Peacekeeping Monument]] in Ottawa.]]
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| − | {{Main|Foreign relations of Canada|Canadian Forces|Military history of Canada}}
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| − | Canada has a close [[U.S.-Canada relations|relationship with the United States]], sharing the world's longest undefended border, co-operating on some military campaigns and exercises, and being each other's largest trading partners. Canada also shares history and long relationships with the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]], the two former imperial powers most influential in its founding. These relations extend to other former-members of the British and French empires, through Canada's membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[La Francophonie]].
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| − | Canada joined the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor in June 2000, and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001. Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC).
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| − | Over the past 60 years, Canada has been an advocate for [[multilateralism]], making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.<ref name="canada_policy">
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| − | {{cite book | author = Government of Canada| title = Canada's international policy statement : a role of pride and influence in the world| publisher = Government of Canada | location = Ottawa |url=http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cip-pic/IPS/IPS-Overview.pdf | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 0-662-68608-X}}</ref><ref name="middle_powers">{{cite book | first = Andrew Fenton |last = Cooper |coauthors= Higgot, Richard A.; Nossal, Kim R. | title = Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order| publisher = UBC Press | location = Vancouver |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Hw3laaTpOiIC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&vq=reaching+out&dq=Canada+middle+power&psp=s&sig=0009fdoEDuy42hFgXuCmmymun6c | year = 1993 | id = ISBN 0-7748-0450-5 }}</ref> This was clearly demonstrated during the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956 when [[Lester B. Pearson]] eased tensions by proposing [[peacekeeping]] efforts and the inception of the [[UN peacekeeping|United Nations Peacekeeping Force]].<ref name="lester">{{cite web |author=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |authorlink= Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | publisher= CBC.ca |title= Lester B. Pearson |url= http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/pearson-lester.html |date=2006 | accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref> In that spirit, Canada developed and has tried to maintain a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts; Canada has served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989.<ref>{{cite book| first = Desmond | last = Morton | authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)| title = A Military History of Canada| publisher = McClelland & Stewart | location = Toronto | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-7710-6514-0 | pages = pg. 258}}</ref> Canada's UN peacekeeping contributions have diminished over the first years of the 21st century. Although Canadian foreign policy is often similar to that of the United States, Canada has always maintained an independent foreign policy in such areas as maintaining full diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba.
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| − | [[Image:Canadian soldiers afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Canadian soldiers in [[Afghanistan]].]]
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| − | A founding member of the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO), Canada currently employs about 62,000 regular and 26,000 reserve military personnel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Assistant Deputy Minister (Public Affairs) |authorlink=Department of National Defence (Canada) |publisher= Department of National Defence |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/about/family_e.asp |title=The National Defence family|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> The unified [[Canadian Armed Forces|Canadian Forces]] (CF) comprise the [[Canadian Forces Land Force Command|army]], [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command|navy]], and [[Canadian Forces Air Command|air force]]. Major CF equipment deployed includes 1,400 armoured fighting vehicles, 34 combat vessels, and 861 aircraft.<ref name="cf_equipment">{{cite web |author=Assistant Deputy Minister (Public Affairs) |authorlink=Department of National Defence (Canada) |publisher=Department of National Defence |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Reports/cds_report/anxd_e.asp |title=Canadian Forces Equipment |accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref>
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| − | In addition to major participation in the [[Second Boer War]], the [[First World War]], the [[Second World War]], and the [[Korean War]], Canada has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions, various missions in the former [[Yugoslavia]], and support to coalition forces in the [[First Gulf War]]. Since 2001, Canada has had troops deployed in [[Afghanistan]] as part of the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|U.S. stabilization force]] and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded [[International Security Assistance Force]]. Canada's [[Disaster Assistance Response Team]] (DART) has participated in three major relief efforts in the past two years; the two-hundred member team has been deployed in relief operations after [[Hurricane Katrina]] in September 2005, after the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|Kashmir earthquake]] in October 2005 and after the [[2004 tsunami|December 2004 tsunami]] in South Asia.
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| − | ==Administrative divisions==
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| − | [[Image:Map_Canada_political-geo.png|thumb|right|300px|A geopolitical map of Canada, exhibiting its [[Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada|10 provinces and 3 territories]].]]
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| − | {{main|Provinces and territories of Canada}}
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| − | Canada is composed of ten provinces and three territories. The provinces are [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Quebec]], and [[Saskatchewan]]. The three territories are the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Nunavut]], and [[Yukon|Yukon Territory]]. The provinces have a [[Canadian federalism|large degree of autonomy]] from the federal government, the territories somewhat less. Each has its own [[List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols|provincial or territorial symbols]].
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| − | The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as [[Health care in Canada|health care]], [[Education in Canada|education]], and [[welfare (financial aid)|welfare]]) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the [[Canada Health Act]]; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. [[Equalization payments]] are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.
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| − | All provinces have [[unicameral]], elected [[Legislative Assemblies of Canada's provinces and territories|legislatures]] headed by a [[premier (Canada)|Premier]] selected in the same way as the Prime Minister of Canada. Each province also has a [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)|Lieutenant-Governor]] representing the [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen]], analogous to the Governor General of Canada, appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, though with increasing levels of consultation with provincial governments in recent years.
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| − | ==Geography and climate==
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| − | [[Image:Canada-satellite.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A satellite composite image of Canada. [[Boreal forest]]s prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in the [[Arctic]] and through the [[Coast Mountains]] and [[Saint Elias Mountains]], and the relatively flat [[Prairies]] facilitate agriculture. The [[Great Lakes]] feed the [[St. Lawrence River]] (in the southeast) where lowlands host much of Canada's population.]]
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| − | {{main|Geography of Canada}}
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| − | Canada occupies most of the northern portion of [[North America]]. It shares land borders with the [[contiguous United States]] to the south and with the US state of [[Alaska]] to the northwest, stretching from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the east to the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the west; to the north lies the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W [[longitude]];<ref name="territorial_evolution">{{cite web |author=National Resources Canada |publisher= National Resources Canada |url=http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1927/1 |title=Territorial Evolution, 1927|date=[[2004-04-06]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> this claim is not universally recognized. The northernmost settlement in Canada (and in the world) is [[CFS Alert|Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert]] on the northern tip of [[Ellesmere Island]]—latitude 82.5°N—just 817 kilometres (450 [[nautical mile]]s) from the North Pole.<ref name="alert">{{cite web | publisher = National Defence Canada | author = National Defence Canada | date = 2006-08-15 | accessdate=2006-10-03 | title = Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert | url = http://www.img.forces.gc.ca/org/cfiog/alert_e.asp}}</ref> Canada is the world's second-largest country in total area, after [[Russia]].
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| − | The population density of 3.5 people per square kilometre (9.1/[[square mile|mi²]]) is among the lowest in the world.<ref name="population_density">{{cite web |author=WorldAtlas.com |publisher= WorldAtlas.com |url=http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctydensityl.htm |title=Countries of the World (by lowest population density) |date=2006-02 |accessdate=2006-05-16}}</ref> The most densely populated part of the country is the [[Quebec City-Windsor Corridor]] along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River in the southeast.<ref>{{cite web |accessdate = 2006-10-03 | date = 2006 | publisher = railwaypeople.com | author = railwaypeople.com | title = Quebec - Windsor Corridor Jet Train, Canada |url=http://www.railwaypeople.com/rail-projects/quebec-windsor-corridor-jet-train-canada-30.html}}</ref>
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| − | To the north of this region is the broad [[Canadian Shield]], an area of rock scoured clean by the [[Wisconsin glaciation|last ice age]], thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers—Canada by far has more lakes than any other country in the world and has a large amount of the world's freshwater.<ref name="altas_lakes">{{cite web |author=The Atlas of Canada |publisher=National Resources Canada|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/freshwater/distribution/drainage/1 |title= Drainage patterns |date=[[2004-04-02]] |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Encarta| title = Canada | publisher = Microsoft Corporation | accessdate = 2006-06-12| date = 2006 | url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563379/Canada.html}}</ref>
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| − | [[Image:Niagara_Falls_and_Maid_of_the_Mist_2005.JPG|thumb|left|250px|The [[Horseshoe Falls (Canada)|Horseshoe Falls]] in Ontario is the largest component of [[Niagara Falls]], one of the world's greatest waterfalls<ref name="AtlasSignificantFacts">{{cite web |author=Natural Resources Canada |authorlink=Natural Resources Canada |publisher= Natural Resources Canada |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/supergeneral.html |title=Significant Canadian Facts |date=[[2004-04-05]]|accessdate=2006-05-16}}</ref>, a major source of hydroelectric power, and a tourist destination.]]
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| − | In eastern Canada, the Saint Lawrence River widens into the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]], the world's largest [[estuary]]; the island of [[Newfoundland]] lies at its mouth. South of the Gulf, the [[Canadian Maritimes]] protrude eastward from the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] of Quebec. [[New Brunswick]] and [[Nova Scotia]] are divided by the [[Bay of Fundy]], which experiences the world's largest tidal variations. [[Ontario]] and [[Hudson Bay]] dominate central Canada. West of Ontario, the broad, flat [[Canadian Prairies]] spread toward the [[Rocky Mountains]], which separate them from [[British Columbia]].
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| − | [[Northern Canada|Northern Canadian]] vegetation tapers from [[coniferous]] forests to [[tundra]] and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago|archipelago]] containing some of the [[List of islands by area|world's largest islands]].
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| − | Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location.
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| − | Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the Prairie provinces, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °[[Celsius|C]] (5 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]), but can drop below -40 °C (-40 °F) with severe wind chills. <ref name="twn_regina">{{cite web |author=The Weather Network |authorlink=The Weather Network |publisher=The Weather Network |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.ca/weather/stats/pages/C02072.htm?CASK0261 |title=Statistics, Regina SK |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter.
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| − | Average summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location. On the east and west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (68 to 74 °F), while between the coasts the average summer high temperature range between 25 °C to 30 °C (78 to 86 °F) with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). <ref name="twn_vancouver">{{cite web |author=The Weather Network |authorlink=The Weather Network |publisher=The Weather Network |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.ca/weather/stats/pages/C02096.htm?CABC0308 |title=Statistics: Vancouver Int'l, BC |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref><ref name="twn_toronto">{{cite web |author=The Weather Network |authorlink=The Weather Network |publisher=The Weather Network |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.ca/weather/stats/pages/C02017.htm?CAON0696 |title=Statistics: Toronto Pearson Int'l |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> For a more complete description of climate across Canada see Environment Canada's Website.<ref>{{cite web |author=Environment Canada |authorlink=Environment Canada |publisher= Environment Canada |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html |title=Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971-2000|date=[[2004-02-25]]|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref><br clear="right">
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| − | ==Economy==
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| − | [[Image:Canadian_bills.jpg|right|thumb|160px|Five denominations of [[Canadian banknotes]], depicting (from top to bottom) [[Wilfrid Laurier]], [[John A. Macdonald]], [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], and [[Robert Borden]].]]
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| − | {{Main|Economy of Canada|Economic history of Canada}}
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| − | Canada is one of the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|wealthiest nations]] with a high per capita income, a member of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) and [[Group of Eight]] (G8). Canada is a [[free market]] economy with slightly more government intervention than the United States, but much less than most European nations.<ref>{{cite web | accessdate = 2006-10-03 | year = 2006 | publisher = The Heritage Foundation | author = The Heritage Foundation | title = Index of Economic Freedome | url = http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/indexoffreedom.cfm}}</ref> Canada has traditionally had a lower per capita [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) than its southern neighbour (whereas wealth has been more equally divided), but higher than the large western European economies.<ref>{{cite book | first = John NH | last = Britton | title = Canad and the Global Economy: The geography of Structural and Technological Change | publisher == McGill-Queen's University Press | date = 1996 |location= Montreal | id = ISBN 0-7735-0927-5 | pages = pp. 6-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first = Daniel J| last = Shaw | title = Canada's Productivity and Standard of Living: Past, Present and Future | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/prb0223-e.htm | date = 2002-10-24 | accessdate = 2006-10-02}}</ref> For the past decade, after a period of turbulence, the Canadian economy has been growing rapidly with low [[unemployment]] and large government surpluses on the [[Government of Canada|federal]] level. Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards.<ref>{{cite book |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |title=The World Factbook |publisher=National Foreign Assessment Center |location=Washington, DC |id=ISSN 1553-8133 |year=2005 |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/}}</ref> While [[as of 2006|as of October 2006]], Canada's national unemployment rate of 6.3% is among its lowest in 30 years, provincial unemployment rates vary from a low of 3.6% in Alberta to a high of 14.6% in Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref name="statcan_labour">{{cite web | author=Statistics Canada |authorlink= Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/Subjects/Labour/LFS/lfs-en.htm |title=Latest release from Labour Force Survey |date=[[2006-08-04]] |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref>
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| − | In the past century, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. As with other [[first world nation]]s, the Canadian economy is dominated by the [[service industry]], which employs about three quarters of Canadians.<ref name="cia_factbook">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ca.html |title=The World Factbook: Canada |date=[[2006-05-16]] |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the [[primary industry|primary sector]], with the [[logging]] and [[petroleum|oil]] industries being two of Canada's most important.
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| − | Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy.<ref name="cia_factbook" /> Canada has vast deposits of natural gas on the east coast and large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta, and also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast [[Athabasca Tar Sands]] give Canada the world's second largest reserves of oil behind [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="athabasca">{{cite web |author=Clarke, Tony; Campbell, Bruce; Laxer, Gordon |publisher= Parkland Institute |url=http://www.ualberta.ca/PARKLAND/research/perspectives/LaxerClarkeCampbellMar06OpEd.htm |title=U.S. oil addiction could make us sick |date=[[2006-03-10]]|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> In Quebec, British Columbia, Newfoundland & Labrador, Ontario and Manitoba, [[hydroelectric power]] is a cheap and relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy.
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| − | Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products, with the Canadian Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat and other grains.<ref name="ce_agriculture">{{cite web |author=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher= Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=J1SEC80771 |title=Agriculture and Food: Export markets |date=2006|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> Canada is the world's largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead;<ref name="ce_minig">{{cite web |author=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher= Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC824436 |title=Canadian Mining |date=2006|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> many, if not most, towns in the northern part of the country, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector, centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with the [[automobile industry]] especially important.
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| − | Canada is highly dependent on [[international trade]], especially trade with the United States. The 1989 [[Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement]] (FTA) and 1994 [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) (which included Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the U.S. Since 2001, Canada has successfully avoided economic recession and has maintained the best overall economic performance in the G8.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=archivechretien&Sub=Speeches&Doc=commonwealthbusinessforum.20031204_e.htm
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| − | |publisher = Privy Council Office, Government of Canada | last = Chretien | first = Jean | date = 2003-12-04 | accessdate = 2006-08-07 | title = Notes for an Address by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien on the Occasion of the Commonwealth Business Forum}}</ref> Since the mid 1990s, Canada's federal government has posted annual budgetary surpluses and has steadily paid down the national debt.
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| − | ==Demographics==
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| − | {{Main|Demographics of Canada|List of cities in Canada|List of Canadians by ethnicity|Immigration to Canada}}
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| − | The [[Canada 2001 Census|2001 national census]] recorded 30,007,094 people; the population is currently estimated by [[Statistics Canada]] to be 32.623 million people.<ref name="statscan_population_clock">{{cite web |author=CTV News |publisher= CTV News|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060927/population_060927/20060927?hub=Canada |title=Immigrants boost Canada's population hike: report|date=[[2006-09-27]]|accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref> Population growth is largely accomplished through [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About three-quarters of Canada's population live within 160 kilometres (100 [[mile|mi]]) of the U.S. border.<ref>{{cite web |date = 2005-01-25 | accessdate =2006-10-03 | title = Canada World View - Issue 24 | first =Norman | last = Hillmer |publisher = Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada | url = http://www.international.gc.ca/canada-magazine/issue24/01-title-en.asp}}</ref> A similar proportion live in [[urban area]]s concentrated in the [[Quebec City-Windsor Corridor]] (notably the [[Toronto]]-[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Montreal]], and [[National Capital Region (Canada)|Ottawa]] [[census metropolitan area]]s), the BC [[Lower Mainland]] ([[Vancouver]] and environs), and the [[Calgary-Edmonton Corridor]] in Alberta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dissemination.statcan.ca/english/freepub/82-221-XIE/00503/tables/html/44_01.htm | title = Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions | year = 2001 | publisher = Statistics Canada | author = Statistics Canada | accessdate = 2006-10-03}}</ref>
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| − | [[Image:Cntower2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] is one of the world's most multicultural cities.<ref name="toronto_multicultural">{{cite web |author=City of Toronto |publisher= City of Toronto |url=http://www.toronto.ca/toronto_facts/diversity.htm |title=Toronto's racial diversity|date=2006|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref>]]
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| − | Canada is an ethnically diverse nation. According to the 2001 census, it has 34 ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each. The largest ethnic group is "Canadian" (39.4%), followed by [[English-Canadian|English]] (20.2%), [[French Canadian|French]] (15.8%), [[Scottish-Canadian|Scottish]] (14.0%), [[Irish-Canadian|Irish]] (12.9%), [[German-Canadian|German]] (9.3%), [[Italian Canadian|Italian]] (4.3%), [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] (3.7%), [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]] (3.6%) and [[First Nations]] (3.4%).<ref name="statscan_ethnic">{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo26a.htm |title=Population by selected ethnic origins, by provinces and territories|date=[[2005-01-25]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> Canada's [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|aboriginal]] population is growing almost twice as fast as the rest of the Canadian population. In 2001, 13.4% of the population belonged to [[visible minorities]]. In comparison with most developed countries, Canada maintains a relatively high immigration rate.<ref name="immigration_growth">{{cite web |author=Terry Weber |authorlink=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/ |publisher= The Globe and Mail |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060927.wpopu0927/BNStory/National/home
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| − | |title=Immigration fuels Canadian growth: Statscan |date=[[2006-09-27]]|accessdate=2006-09-30}}</ref> Immigrants are particularly attracted to the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal.
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| − | Canadians adhere to a [[Religion in Canada|wide variety of religions]]. According to 2001 census,<ref name="statscan_religion">{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a.htm |title=Population by religion, by provinces and territories|date=[[2005-01-25]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> 77.1% of Canadians identified as being [[Christianity|Christians]]; of this, [[Catholicism|Catholics]] make up the largest group (43.6% of Canadians). The largest [[Protestant]] denomination is the [[United Church of Canada]]; about 16.5% of Canadians declared no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3% were affiliated with religions other than Christianity, of which the largest is [[Islam]].
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| − | In Canada, the provinces and territories are responsible for education; thus Canada has no national department of education. Each of the 13 education systems are similar while reflecting their own regional history, culture and geography.<ref name="education">{{cite web | author =Council of Ministers of Canada | publisher = Education@Canada | title = General Overview of Education in Canada | url= http://www.educationcanada.cmec.ca/EN/EdSys/over.php | accessdate = 2006-05-22 }}</ref> The mandatory school age varies across Canada but generally ranges between the ages of 5-7 to 16-18,<ref name="education" /> contributing to an adult literacy rate that is 99%.<ref name="cia_factbook" /> Postsecondary education is the responsibility of the provincial and territorial governments that provide most of their funding; the federal government provides additional funding through research grants. In 2002, 43% of Canadians aged between 25 and 64 had post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34 the postsecondary attainment reaches 51%.<ref>{{cite web | author = Department of Finance | publisher = Department of Finance Canada | title = Creating Opportunities for All Canadians | url= http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2005/agenda/agc4e.html| date = [[2005-11-14]] | accessdate = 2006-05-22}}</ref>
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| − | ==Language==
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| − | [[Image:Mont.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The population of [[Montreal, Quebec|Montreal]] is predominantly [[francophone]], with a significant [[anglophone]] community.]]
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| − | {{Main|Language in Canada|Bilingualism in Canada}}
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| − | Canada's two official languages, [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]], are the [[mother tongue]]s of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population, respectively.<ref name="statscan_language">
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| − | {{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a.htm |title=Population by mother tongue, by province and territory|date=[[2005-01-27]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> On [[July 7]], [[1969]], under the [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|Official Languages Act]], French was made commensurate to English throughout the federal government. This started a process that led to Canada redefining itself as an officially "[[bilingual]]" nation.
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| − | English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. While [[Official Multiculturalism Act|multiculturalism is official policy]], to become a citizen one must be able to speak either English or French, and 98.5% of Canadians speak at least one (English only: 67.5%, French only: 13.3%, both: 17.7%).<ref name="statscan_language2">{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo15a.htm |title=Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory|date=[[2005-01-27]]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref>
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| − | French is mostly spoken in Quebec, but there are substantial francophone populations mainly in the northern parts of New Brunswick, eastern, northern and southwestern Ontario and southern Manitoba. Of those who speak French as a first language, 85% live in Quebec. Ontario has the largest French population outside Quebec. French is the official language of Quebec. New Brunswick is the only bilingual province in the country.<ref>While Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages, New Brunswick is the only province to have a statement of official bilingualism in the constitution. See [http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/lo-ol/pubs/mythes/english/abc.html Canadian Heritage]</ref> No provinces other than Quebec and New Brunswick have constitutionally official language(s) as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and other government services in all of the majority English or [[Inuktitut]] speaking provinces and territories. In Ontario, French has some legal status but is not fully co-official. Several aboriginal languages have official status in Northwest Territories. [[Inuktitut]] is the majority language in Nunavut, and one of three official languages in the territory.
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| − | Non-official languages are important in Canada, with 5,202,245 people listing one as a first language.<ref name="statscan_language" /> Some significant non-official first languages include [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (853,745 first-language speakers), [[Italian language|Italian]] (469,485), [[German language|German]] (438,080), and [[Punjabi]] (271,220).<ref name="statscan_language" />
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| − | ==Culture==
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| − | [[Image:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]], seen here at [[Expo 67]], are the federal and national police force of Canada and an international icon.]]
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| − | {{Main|Culture of Canada|National symbols of Canada|Sport in Canada}}
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| − | Canadian culture has historically been heavily influenced by [[English people|English]], [[French people|French]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] cultures and traditions, and over time has been greatly influenced by [[American culture]] because of its proximity and the interchange of [[human capital]] between the two countries. Many forms of American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant in Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the US and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |first=John D. |last=Blackwell |url=http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture |title=Culture High and Low |year=2005 |accessdate=2006-03-15 |publisher=International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service}}</ref> Many cultural products are now marketed toward a unified "North American" market, or a global market generally.
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| − | The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture has been partly influenced by federal government programs, laws and institutions such as the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC), the [[National Film Board of Canada]] (NFB), and the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC).<ref>{{cite web |author=National Film Board of Canada |authorlink=National Film Board of Canada |url=http://www.nfb.ca/atonf/organisation.php?v=h&lg=en |title=Mandate of the National Film Board |year=2005|accessdate=2006-03-15}}</ref>
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| − | [[Image:Kwakwaka'wakw big house.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A [[Kwakwaka'wakw]] [[totem pole]] and traditional "long house" in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria, BC]].]]
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| − | As Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country, there are cultural variations and distinctions from province to province and region to region. Canadian culture has also been greatly influenced by more recent immigration of people from all over the world. Many Canadians value [[multiculturalism]], indeed some see Canadian culture as being inherently multicultural.<ref name="bickerton" /> Multicultural heritage is enshrined in [[Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].
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| − | [[National symbols of Canada|National symbols]] are influenced by natural, historical, and [[First Nations]] sources. Particularly, the use of the [[maple leaf]], as a Canadian symbol, dates back to the early 18th century and is depicted on its [[Flag of Canada|current]] and [[Red Ensign|previous]] flags, the [[penny (Canadian coin)|penny]], and on the [[Coat of Arms of Canada|coat of arms]].<ref name="symbol1">{{cite book | author=Canadian Heritage | title=Symbols of Canada | year=2002 | location=Ottawa, ON | id=ISBN 0-660-18615-2 | publisher=Canadian Government Publishing}}</ref> Other prominent symbols include the [[beaver]], [[Canada goose]], [[common loon]], [[Monarchy in Canada|the Crown]], and the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]].<ref name="symbol1" />
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| − |
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| − | Canada's official national sports are [[ice hockey]] (winter) and [[lacrosse]] (summer).<ref name="National Sports of Canada Act">{{cite web | url= http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/N-16.7/251603.html | title= National Sports of Canada Act (1994) | work = Consolidated Statutes and Regulations| accessdate= 2006-07-20 | publisher= [[Department of Justice (Canada)|Department of Justice]]}}</ref> Hockey is a [[national pastime]], and is by far the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the most popular sport Canadians play, with 1.65 million active participants in 2004.<ref name = "sports">{{cite web | author = Conference Board of Canada| authorlink = Conference Board of Canada | year = 2004 | month = December | url = http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm | title = Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population | publisher = Sport Canada | work = Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada — Report August 2005 | accessdate = 2006-07-01}}</ref> Canada's six largest metropolitan areas - Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton - have franchises in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the league than from all other countries combined. After hockey, other popular spectator sports include [[Canadian football]] and [[curling]]. The [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) is the nation's second most popular professional sports league,<ref>{{cite web | author = Canadian Press| authorlink = Canadian Press | date = 2006-06-08 | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060608.wsurvey8/BNStory/Sports/home | title = Survey: Canadian interest in pro football is on the rise | publisher = Globe and Mail | accessdate = 2006-06-08}}</ref> and plays a large role in Canada's national identity<ref>{{cite web | author = Official Site of the Canadian Football League| authorlink = Canadian Football League | date = 2006-05-09 | url = http://www.cfl.ca/index.php?module=newser&func=display&topicnum=&nid=7991&writer=0 | title = Canon Scores With the CFL | publisher = CFL.ca | accessdate = 2006-06-08}}</ref>. [[Golf]], [[baseball]], [[skiing]], [[Soccer in Canada|soccer]], [[volleyball]], and [[basketball]] are also widely played at youth and amateur levels<ref name = "sports"/>, but professional leagues and franchises are not as widespread. Canada will host the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]], and the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in [[Vancouver]] and [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler]], [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web | author= The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games | publisher =www.vancouver2010.com | url = http://www.vancouver2010.com/en | title = Vancouver 2010 | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2006-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = FIFA U-20 World Cup Canada 2007 | author = Canadian Soccer Association | publisher = canadasoccer.com | acceessdate= 2006-10-01 | date = 2006 | url = http://www.canadasoccer.com/eng/U20WC_2007/index.asp?top=banner_legs&sub=9}}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==International rankings==
| |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Organization
| |
| − | ! Survey
| |
| − | ! Ranking
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[A.T. Kearney]]/[[Foreign Policy|Foreign Policy Magazine]]
| |
| − | | [http://www.atkearney.com/main.taf?p=5,4,1,116 Globalization Index 2005]
| |
| − | | 14 out of 111
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[IMD International]]
| |
| − | | [http://www01.imd.ch/wcy/ World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005]
| |
| − | | 5 out of 60
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[The Economist]]
| |
| − | | [http://www.economist.com/theworldin/international/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3372495&d=2005 The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005]
| |
| − | | 14 out of 111
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Yale University]]/[[Columbia University]]
| |
| − | | [http://www.yale.edu/esi/ESI2005_Main_Report.pdf Environmental Sustainability Index, 2005 (pdf)]
| |
| − | | 6 out of 146
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Reporters Without Borders]] World-wide
| |
| − | | [http://www.rsf.org Press Freedom Index 2005]
| |
| − | | 21 out of 167
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Transparency International]]
| |
| − | | [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2005 Corruption Perceptions Index 2005]
| |
| − | | 14 out of 159
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Heritage Foundation]]/[[The Wall Street Journal]]
| |
| − | | [http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/ Index of Economic Freedom, 2006]
| |
| − | | 12 out of 157
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Canada was ranked number one country by the United Nations' [[Human Development Index]] 10 times out of 16 between 1980 and 2004.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==See also==
| |
| − | {{Canadian topics}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Notes==
| |
| − | <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
| |
| − | <references />
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| − | </div>
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| − | <!-- No longer referenced: #{{note|WSM}} [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Canada.html Canada from WorldStatesmen]-->
| |
| − | <!-- No longer referenced: #{{note|WWT}} [http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=165 What the World Thinks]-->
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| − |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <!-- Please use the following templates when adding references *{{cite book
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| − | {{col-begin}}
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| − | {{col-break|width=50%}}
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| − | ;Origin and history of the name
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| − | *{{cite book
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| − | | title = Naming Canada: Stories of Canadian Place Names
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| − | | edition = 2nd ed.
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| − | | first = Alan | last = Rayburn
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| − | | publisher = University of Toronto Press
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| − | | location = Toronto
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| − | | year = 2001
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| − | | id = ISBN 0-8020-8293-9
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| − | }}
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| − | ;History
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| − | *{{cite book
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| − | | title = History of Canada Since 1867
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| − | | first = Robert | last = Bothwell
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| − | | publisher = Michigan State University Press
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| − | | year = 1996
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| − | | location = East Lansing, MI
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| − | | id = ISBN 0-87013-399-3
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| − | }}
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| − | *{{cite book
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| − | | title = History of the Canadian Peoples
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| − | | first = J. | last = Bumsted
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| − | | publisher = Oxford University Press
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| − | | location = Oxford, UK
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| − | | year = 2004
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| − | | id = ISBN 0-19-541688-0
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| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
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| − | | title = Canada: A National History
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| − | | first = Margarat | last= Conrad
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| − | | coauthors= Finkel, Alvin
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| − | | publisher = Longman
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| − | | location = Toronto
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| − | | year = 2003
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| − | | id = ISBN 0-201-73060-X
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| − | }}
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| − | *{{cite book
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| − | | title = A Short History of Canada
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| − | | first = Desmond | last= Morton
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| − | | authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
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| − | | publisher = M & S
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| − | | location = Toronto
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| − | | year = 2001
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| − | | edition = 6th ed.
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| − | | id = ISBN 0-7710-6509-4
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| − | }}
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| − | *{{cite journal
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| − | | first = W. Kaye | last = Lamb
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| − | | title = Canada
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| − | | journal = The Canadian Encyclopedia
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| − | | year = 2006
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| − | | url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=J1SEC808542
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| − | }}
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| − | *{{cite book
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| − | | title = History of Canada Before 1867
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| − | | first = Gordon T. | last = Stewart
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| − | | publisher = Michigan State University Press
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| − | | year = 1996
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| − | | location = East Lansing, MI
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| − | | id = ISBN 0-87013-398-5
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| − | }}
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| − |
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| − | ;Government and law
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| − | *{{cite book
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| − | |author=Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds).
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| − | |title=Canadian Politics
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| − | |publisher=Broadview Press
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| − | |edition=4th edition
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| − | |location=Orchard Park, NY
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| − | |id=ISBN 1-55111-595-6
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| − | |year=2004
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| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
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| − | |first=Stephen | last=Brooks
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| − | |title=Canadian Democracy : An Introduction
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| − | |publisher=Oxford University Press Canada
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| − | |edition=3rd edition
| |
| − | |location=Don Mills, ON
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| − | |id=ISBN 0-19-541503-5
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| − | |year=2000
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| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
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| − | | first = Eugene A. | last = Forsey
| |
| − | | authorlink = Eugene Forsey
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| − | | title = How Canadians Govern Themselves
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| − | | edition = 6th ed.
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| − | | publisher = Canada
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| − | | location = Ottawa
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| − | | year = 2005
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-662-39689-8
| |
| − | | url = http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/idb/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | title = Secession and international law : conflict avoidance - regional appraisals
| |
| − | | first = Julie | last = Dahlitz
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| − | | publisher = T.M.C. Asser Press
| |
| − | | year = 2003
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| − | | location = The Hague
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| − | | id = ISBN 90-6704-142-4
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| − | }}
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| − |
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| − | ;Foreign relations and military
| |
| − | *{{cite journal
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| − | | first = Tim | last = Cook
| |
| − | | year = 2005
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| − | | title = Quill and Canon: Writing the Great War in Canada
| |
| − | | journal = American Review of Canadian Studies
| |
| − | | volume = 35
| |
| − | | issue = 3
| |
| − | | pages = 503+
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = James| last = Eayrs
| |
| − | | title = In Defence of Canada
| |
| − | | publisher = University of Toronto Press
| |
| − | | location = Toronto
| |
| − | | year = 1980
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| − | | id = ISBN 0-8020-2345-2
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = Annette Baker| last = Fox
| |
| − | | authorlink =
| |
| − | | title = Canada in World Affairs
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| − | | edition =
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| − | | publisher = Michigan State University Press
| |
| − | | location = East Lansing
| |
| − | | year = 1996
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-87013-391-8
| |
| − | | url =
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite journal
| |
| − | | first = Molot Maureen | last = Appel
| |
| − | | year = 1990
| |
| − | | month = Spring-Fall
| |
| − | | title = Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature
| |
| − | | journal = International Journal of Canadian Studies
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = Desmond | last = Morton
| |
| − | | coauthors = Granatstein, J.L.
| |
| − | | authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
| |
| − | | title = Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914-1919
| |
| − | | edition =
| |
| − | | publisher = Lester & Orpen Dennys
| |
| − | | location = Toronto
| |
| − | | year = 1989
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-88619-209-9
| |
| − | | url =
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = Desmond | last = Morton
| |
| − | | authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
| |
| − | | title = A Military History of Canada
| |
| − | | edition =
| |
| − | | publisher = McClelland & Stewart
| |
| − | | location = Toronto
| |
| − | | year = 1999
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-7710-6514-0
| |
| − | | url =
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = Desmond | last = Morton
| |
| − | | authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
| |
| − | | title = When Your Number's Up: The Canadian Soldier in the First World War
| |
| − | | edition =
| |
| − | | publisher = Random House of Canada
| |
| − | | location = Toronto
| |
| − | | year = 1993
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-394-22288-1
| |
| − | | url =
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = James | last = Rochlin
| |
| − | | authorlink =
| |
| − | | title = Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America
| |
| − | | edition =
| |
| − | | publisher = University of British Columbia Press
| |
| − | | location = Vancouver
| |
| − | | year = 1994
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-7748-0476-9
| |
| − | | url =
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ;Provinces and territories
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = J. M.
| |
| − | | last = Bumsted
| |
| − | | title = History of the Canadian Peoples
| |
| − | | publisher = Oxford University Press
| |
| − | | location = Oxford, UK
| |
| − | | year = 2004
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-19-541688-0
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{col-break|width=50%}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ;Geography and climate
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | last = Natural Resources Canada
| |
| − | | title = National Atlas of Canada
| |
| − | | publisher = Information Canada
| |
| − | | location = Ottawa
| |
| − | | year = 2005
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-7705-1198-8
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | title = Canadian Oxford World Atlas
| |
| − | | author = Stanford, Quentin H. (ed.)
| |
| − | | edition = 5th ed.
| |
| − | | location = Toronto
| |
| − | | publisher = Oxford University Press (Canada)
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-19-541897-2
| |
| − | | year = 2003
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ;Economy
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | |author=Central Intelligence Agency
| |
| − | |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency
| |
| − | |title=The World Factbook
| |
| − | |publisher=National Foreign Assessment Center
| |
| − | |location=Washington, DC
| |
| − | |id=ISSN 1553-8133
| |
| − | |year=2005
| |
| − | |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | |first=Iain | last=Wallace
| |
| − | |title=A Geography of the Canadian Economy
| |
| − | |publisher=Oxford University Press
| |
| − | |location=Don Mills, ON
| |
| − | |id=ISBN 0-19-540773-3
| |
| − | |year=2002
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | |first = William L. | last=Marr
| |
| − | |coauthor= Paterson, Donald G.
| |
| − | |title= Canada: An Economic History
| |
| − | |publisher= Gage
| |
| − | |location=Toronto
| |
| − | |id = ISBN 0-7715-5684-5
| |
| − | |year=1980
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | |first = Mary Quayle | last=Innis
| |
| − | |title=An Economic History of Canada
| |
| − | |publisher=Ryerson Press
| |
| − | |location=Toronto
| |
| − | |id = ASIN B0007JFHBQ
| |
| − | |year = 1943
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ;Demography and statistics
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | last = Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | title = Canada Year Book
| |
| − | | publisher = Queen of Canada
| |
| − | | location = Ottawa
| |
| − | | year = 2001
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 0-660-18360-9
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | title = Historical statistics of Canada
| |
| − | | author = Leacy, F. H. (ed.)
| |
| − | | publisher = Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | location = Ottawa
| |
| − | | id =
| |
| − | | url = http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/11-516-XIE/sectiona/toc.htm
| |
| − | | year = 1983
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ;Language
| |
| − | *{{cite web
| |
| − | | author=Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | authorlink=Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | publisher= Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a.htm
| |
| − | | title=Population by mother tongue, by province and territory
| |
| − | | date=[[2005-01-27]]
| |
| − | | accessdate=2006-05-14
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite web
| |
| − | | author=Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | authorlink=Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | publisher= Statistics Canada
| |
| − | | url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo15a.htm
| |
| − | | title=Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory
| |
| − | | date=[[2005-01-27]]
| |
| − | | accessdate=2006-05-14}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ;Culture
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | |author=Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds).
| |
| − | |title=Canadian Politics
| |
| − | |publisher=Broadview Press
| |
| − | |edition=4th edition
| |
| − | |location=Orchard Park, NY
| |
| − | |id=ISBN 1-55111-595-6
| |
| − | |year=2004
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite web
| |
| − | |first=John D. |last=Blackwell
| |
| − | |url=http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture
| |
| − | |title=Culture High and Low
| |
| − | |year=2005
| |
| − | |accessdate=2006-03-15
| |
| − | |publisher=International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | author=Canadian Heritage
| |
| − | | title=Symbols of Canada
| |
| − | | year=2002
| |
| − | | location=Ottawa, ON
| |
| − | | id=ISBN 0-660-18615-2
| |
| − | | publisher=Canadian Government Publishing
| |
| − | }} Similar publication online [http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/index_e.cfm here].
| |
| − | *{{cite web
| |
| − | |author=National Film Board of Canada
| |
| − | |authorlink=National Film Board of Canada
| |
| − | |url=http://www.nfb.ca/atonf/organisation.php?v=h&lg=en
| |
| − | |title=Mandate of the National Film Board
| |
| − | |year=2005
| |
| − | |accessdate=2006-03-15
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = Gordon | last = Currie
| |
| − | | title = 100 years of Canadian football: The dramatic history of football's first century in Canada, and the story of the Canadian Football League
| |
| − | | publisher = Pagurian Press
| |
| − | | location = Don Mills, ON
| |
| − | | year = 1968
| |
| − | | id = ASIN B0006CCK4G
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = Doug | last = Maxwell
| |
| − | | title = Canada Curls: The Illustrated History of Curling in Canada
| |
| − | | publisher = Whitecap books
| |
| − | | location = North Vancouver, BC
| |
| − | | year = 2002
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 1-55285-400-0
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | first = Brian | last = McFarlane
| |
| − | | title = Brian McFarlane's History of Hockey
| |
| − | | year = 1997
| |
| − | | location = Champaign, IL
| |
| − | | publisher = Sports Publishing Inc
| |
| − | | id = ISBN 1-57167-145-5
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | |first=Philip |last=Resnick
| |
| − | |title=The European Roots Of Canadian Identity
| |
| − | |publisher=Broadview Press
| |
| − | |location=Peterborough, Ont.
| |
| − | |id=ISBN 1-55111-705-3
| |
| − | |year=2005
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | | author=Ross, David & Hook, Richard
| |
| − | | title=The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873-1987
| |
| − | | publisher= Osprey
| |
| − | | location=London
| |
| − | | id=ISBN 0-85045-834-X
| |
| − | | year=1988
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | </div>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | {{portal}}
| |
| − | {{Sisterlinks|Canada}}
| |
| − | '''Government'''
| |
| − | * [http://www.gc.ca Official website of the Government of Canada]
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| − | * [http://www.pm.gc.ca Official website of the Prime Minister of Canada]
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| − | * [http://www.gg.ca Official website of the Governor General of Canada]
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| − | * [http://www.forces.gc.ca/ Official website of the Canadian Forces]
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| − | * [http://atlas.gc.ca/site/index.html Official Government of Canada online Atlas of Canada]
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| − | * [http://www.international.gc.ca/canada_un/new_york/ Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations]
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| − |
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| − | '''Crown corporations'''
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| − | * [http://www.cbc.ca/ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]
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| − | * [http://www.canadapost.ca/ Canada Post]
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| − | * [http://www.canadatourism.com Canadian Tourism Commission]
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| − |
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| − | '''Other factual references'''
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| − | * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Canada Encyclopaedia Britannica, Canada - Country Page]
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| − | * [http://www.culture.ca/ Culture.ca - Canada's Cultural Gateway]
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| − | * [http://www.culturescope.ca/ Culturescope.ca - Canadian Cultural Observatory]
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| − | * [http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources]
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| − | * [http://statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm Statistics Canada with Canada's population clock]
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| − | * [http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/ The Canadian Atlas Online]
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| − | * [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ca.html Canada] at ''[[The World Factbook]]''
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| − | * UN Human Development Program: [http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CAN.html Country Fact Sheet: Canada], [http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/countries.cfm?c=CAN Statistics - Country Sheet: Canada]
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| − | *{{wikitravelpar|Canada}}
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| − |
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| − | [[Category:Geography pages]]
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