Difference between revisions of "Mineral classification"
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A tenth version of the classification has been developed, but not formally published: it differs only slightly from the version in the ninth edition of the ''Strunz Mineralogical Tables'', mostly by separating out [[borate mineral]]s into a class of their own, separate from [[carbonate minerals|carbonates]] and [[nitrate minerals|nitrates]]. The new version, sometimes referred to as "Strunz 10", is currently used by the IMA and by many mineralogical databases.<ref>{{citation | title = The official IMA-CNMNC List of Mineral Names | url = http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/IMA2009-01%20UPDATE%20160309.pdf | date = March 2009 | publisher = International Mineralogical Association | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> | A tenth version of the classification has been developed, but not formally published: it differs only slightly from the version in the ninth edition of the ''Strunz Mineralogical Tables'', mostly by separating out [[borate mineral]]s into a class of their own, separate from [[carbonate minerals|carbonates]] and [[nitrate minerals|nitrates]]. The new version, sometimes referred to as "Strunz 10", is currently used by the IMA and by many mineralogical databases.<ref>{{citation | title = The official IMA-CNMNC List of Mineral Names | url = http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/IMA2009-01%20UPDATE%20160309.pdf | date = March 2009 | publisher = International Mineralogical Association | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> | ||
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| + | The "Strunz 10" classification is based on ten mineral classes, determined by the chemical identity of the anion and identified by a two-digit number. There are two intermediate levels of classification, identified by capital letters, above the mineral group or mineral series, which is idnetified by a two-digit number. The Strunz classification number of a mineral need not be unique to that mineral, although in practice it often is. | ||
==Dana classification== | ==Dana classification== | ||
{{main|Dana classification}} | {{main|Dana classification}} | ||
| − | The original Dana classification is the earliest systematic classification of minerals, introduced by James Dwight Dana (1813–95) in his ''System of Mineralogy''. This original classification became somewhat dated with the time lapse between new editions of the book: the sixth edition (edited by Dana's son, Edward) was published in 1895, while the seventh did not appear until 1944 and the eighth (as ''Dana's New Minerology'') in 1997.<ref>{{citation | first1 = Richard V. | last1 = Gaines | first2 = H. Catherine | last2 = Skinner | first3 = Eugene E. | last3 = Foord | first4 = Brian | last4 = Mason | first5 = Abraham | last5 = Rosenzweig | first6 = Vandall T. | last6 = King | year = 1997 | title = Dana's New Mineralogy | publisher = Wiley | location = New York | isbn = 047119310-0}}.</ref><ref name="DanaWM">{{citation | title = Dana Classification Number | url = http://webmineral.com/help/DanaClass.shtml | publisher = WebMineral.com | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> | + | The original Dana classification is the earliest systematic classification of minerals, introduced by the pioneering American mineralogist James Dwight Dana (1813–95) in his ''System of Mineralogy'' (1837). This original classification became somewhat dated with the time lapse between new editions of the book: the sixth edition (edited by Dana's son, Edward) was published in 1895, while the seventh did not appear until 1944 and the eighth (as ''Dana's New Minerology'') in 1997.<ref>{{citation | first1 = Richard V. | last1 = Gaines | first2 = H. Catherine | last2 = Skinner | first3 = Eugene E. | last3 = Foord | first4 = Brian | last4 = Mason | first5 = Abraham | last5 = Rosenzweig | first6 = Vandall T. | last6 = King | year = 1997 | title = Dana's New Mineralogy | publisher = Wiley | location = New York | isbn = 047119310-0}}.</ref><ref name="DanaWM">{{citation | title = Dana Classification Number | url = http://webmineral.com/help/DanaClass.shtml | publisher = WebMineral.com | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> |
The classification in ''Dana's New Minerology'' is slightly different from that which went before it, as it has no fewer that 78 "classes", most of which would be subclasses in other classification systems. Nevertheless, it preserves the concept based on anion composition and structural elements, and all of the new Dana "classes" can be seen as subclasses of the old ones.<ref>{{citation | title = Minerals Arranged by the New Dana Classification | url = http://webmineral.com/danaclass.shtml | publisher = WebMineral.com | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> | The classification in ''Dana's New Minerology'' is slightly different from that which went before it, as it has no fewer that 78 "classes", most of which would be subclasses in other classification systems. Nevertheless, it preserves the concept based on anion composition and structural elements, and all of the new Dana "classes" can be seen as subclasses of the old ones.<ref>{{citation | title = Minerals Arranged by the New Dana Classification | url = http://webmineral.com/danaclass.shtml | publisher = WebMineral.com | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> | ||
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==Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals== | ==Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals== | ||
| − | A third classification system was introduced by British mineralogist Max H. Hey (1904–84) in his ''An Index of Mineral Species and Varieties Arranged Chemically, with an Alphabetical Index of Accepted Mineral Names and Synonym'' (1950, better known as the ''Chemical Index of Minerals'' or simply the ''Hey Index''), and is currently on its third edition (1993).<ref>{{citation | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Clark | year = 1993 | title = Hey's Mineral Index | edition = 3rd | publisher = Chapman & Hall | location = London | isbn = 0412399504}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | title = Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals | url = http://www.mindat.org/cim.php | publisher = MinDat.org | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> Hey's system is more centered on the chemical properties of minerals that on structural features. | + | A third classification system was introduced by British mineralogist Max H. Hey (1904–84) in his ''An Index of Mineral Species and Varieties Arranged Chemically, with an Alphabetical Index of Accepted Mineral Names and Synonym'' (1950, better known as the ''Chemical Index of Minerals'' or simply the ''Hey Index''), and is currently on its third edition (1993).<ref>{{citation | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Clark | year = 1993 | title = Hey's Mineral Index | edition = 3rd | publisher = Chapman & Hall | location = London | isbn = 0412399504}}.</ref><ref name="HeyMD">{{citation | title = Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals | url = http://www.mindat.org/cim.php | publisher = MinDat.org | accessdate = 2009-12-04}}.</ref> Hey's system is more centered on the chemical properties of minerals that on structural features. |
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| + | Hey was assistant keeper in the Department of Mineralogy of the British Museum (Natural History) in London. As with the Strunz classification, Hey's system arose from the insufficiencies of the 1895 Dana classification and the desire to reorganize a large mineral collection along systematic lines. It is said that it was inspired by a query from the public (in 1942) as to how many different types of [[magnesium silicate]] were known in nature, and the amount of work needed to find the answer.<ref>{{citation | first = Peter G. | last = Embrey | year = 1987 | title = Memorial of Max Hutchinson Hey, March 11, 1904 – January 24, 1984 | url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM72/AM72_856.pdf | journal = American Mineralogist | volume = 72 | pages = 856–58}}.</ref> Originally intended as an internal index for the Natural History Museum, it was published in 1950 and was very influential in British mineralogy. | ||
| − | + | Hey's classification is based on 38 "primary groups", with a single level of classification below that.<ref name="HeyMD"/> [[Silicate mineral|Silicates]] of [[magnesium]], for example, form group 14.4 (ten members). As such, it is a coarser classification than the Strunz or new Dana systems. | |
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 16:43, 4 December 2009
There are several schemes of mineral classification in common use, usually derived from published guides to mineralogy. The International Mineralogical Association (IMA), which governs mineral nomenclature through its Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC), has also proposed the outlines of a unified scheme but, as of December 2009, the details have yet to be finalised: it seems likely that it will be a modified version of the Strunz classification.[1]
The IMA-CNMNC has proposed the following hierarchy for class names. Some of the existing systems use slightly different terminology.
- Mineral class.
- Mineral subclass.
- Mineral family.
- Mineral supergroup.
- Mineral group.
- Mineral subgroup or mineral series.
- Mineral group.
- Mineral supergroup.
- Mineral family.
- Mineral subclass.
A mineral group is defined by the IMA-CNMNC as consisting of "two or more minerals with the same or essentially the same structure, and composed of chemically similar elements."[1]
Contents
Strunz classification
The Strunz classification was developed by German mineralogist K. Hugo Strunz (1910–2006) in his Mineralogische Tabellen (1941), as an update of the original Dana classification.[2] The then-available Dana classification dated from 1895, and took no account of the discoveries that had been made into mineral structure through X-ray crystallography.
The Strunz tables have been regularly updated, and the last published edition is the ninth (2001).[3] The eighth and ninth editions were cowritten with Australian mineralogist Ernest H. Nickel (died 18 July 2009), and the system is sometimes referred to as Nickel–Strunz classification.
A tenth version of the classification has been developed, but not formally published: it differs only slightly from the version in the ninth edition of the Strunz Mineralogical Tables, mostly by separating out borate minerals into a class of their own, separate from carbonates and nitrates. The new version, sometimes referred to as "Strunz 10", is currently used by the IMA and by many mineralogical databases.[4]
The "Strunz 10" classification is based on ten mineral classes, determined by the chemical identity of the anion and identified by a two-digit number. There are two intermediate levels of classification, identified by capital letters, above the mineral group or mineral series, which is idnetified by a two-digit number. The Strunz classification number of a mineral need not be unique to that mineral, although in practice it often is.
Dana classification
The original Dana classification is the earliest systematic classification of minerals, introduced by the pioneering American mineralogist James Dwight Dana (1813–95) in his System of Mineralogy (1837). This original classification became somewhat dated with the time lapse between new editions of the book: the sixth edition (edited by Dana's son, Edward) was published in 1895, while the seventh did not appear until 1944 and the eighth (as Dana's New Minerology) in 1997.[5][6]
The classification in Dana's New Minerology is slightly different from that which went before it, as it has no fewer that 78 "classes", most of which would be subclasses in other classification systems. Nevertheless, it preserves the concept based on anion composition and structural elements, and all of the new Dana "classes" can be seen as subclasses of the old ones.[7]
Below the "classes" are mineral "types" and mineral "groups", each indicated by a two-digit numbers separated by full points. Finally, within each group, each mineral species is assigned a fourth two-digit number: hence (unlike other classification systems), each mineral is individually numerically identified.[6] Dana classification numbers do, however, change from time to time due to reclassification.
Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals
A third classification system was introduced by British mineralogist Max H. Hey (1904–84) in his An Index of Mineral Species and Varieties Arranged Chemically, with an Alphabetical Index of Accepted Mineral Names and Synonym (1950, better known as the Chemical Index of Minerals or simply the Hey Index), and is currently on its third edition (1993).[8][9] Hey's system is more centered on the chemical properties of minerals that on structural features.
Hey was assistant keeper in the Department of Mineralogy of the British Museum (Natural History) in London. As with the Strunz classification, Hey's system arose from the insufficiencies of the 1895 Dana classification and the desire to reorganize a large mineral collection along systematic lines. It is said that it was inspired by a query from the public (in 1942) as to how many different types of magnesium silicate were known in nature, and the amount of work needed to find the answer.[10] Originally intended as an internal index for the Natural History Museum, it was published in 1950 and was very influential in British mineralogy.
Hey's classification is based on 38 "primary groups", with a single level of classification below that.[9] Silicates of magnesium, for example, form group 14.4 (ten members). As such, it is a coarser classification than the Strunz or new Dana systems.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mills, Stuart J.; Hatert, Frédéric; Nickel, Ernest H.; Ferraris, Giovanni The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals. Eur. J. Mineral. 2009, 21, 1073–80, <http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/Mills%20et%20al%202009%20Groups%20EJM%20October.pdf>.
- ↑ Strunz Classification; WebMineral.com, <http://webmineral.com/help/StrunzClass.shtml>. (accessed 4 December 2009).
- ↑ Strunz, Hugo; Nickel, Ernest H. Strunz Mineralogical Tables, 9th ed.; Schweizerbart'sche Vbh.: Stuttgart, 2001. ISBN 351065188X.
- ↑ The official IMA-CNMNC List of Mineral Names; International Mineralogical Association, March 2009, <http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/IMA2009-01%20UPDATE%20160309.pdf>. (accessed 4 December 2009).
- ↑ Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian; Rosenzweig, Abraham; King, Vandall T. Dana's New Mineralogy; Wiley: New York, 1997. ISBN 047119310-0.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dana Classification Number; WebMineral.com, <http://webmineral.com/help/DanaClass.shtml>. (accessed 4 December 2009).
- ↑ Minerals Arranged by the New Dana Classification; WebMineral.com, <http://webmineral.com/danaclass.shtml>. (accessed 4 December 2009).
- ↑ Clark, Andrew Hey's Mineral Index, 3rd ed.; Chapman & Hall: London, 1993. ISBN 0412399504.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals; MinDat.org, <http://www.mindat.org/cim.php>. (accessed 4 December 2009).
- ↑ Embrey, Peter G. Memorial of Max Hutchinson Hey, March 11, 1904 – January 24, 1984. American Mineralogist 1987, 72, 856–58, <http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM72/AM72_856.pdf>.
External links
- Strunz classification (complete listing)
- Dana classification (complete listing)
- Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals (primary groups)
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