Difference between revisions of "Firming agent"

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A '''firming agent''' is a [[food additive]] that makes or keeps tissues of fruit or vegetables firm and crisp, or interacts with [[gelling agent]]s to produce or strengthen a [[gel]]. They typically act by [[precipitation|precipitating]] residual [[pectin]].
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A '''firming agent''' is a [[food additive]] that makes or keeps tissues of fruit or vegetables firm and crisp, or interacts with [[gelling agent]]s to produce or strengthen a [[gel]].<ref name="Codex">{{FoodAdd Codex list}}.</ref> They typically act by [[precipitation|precipitating]] residual [[pectin]].
  
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*[[Aluminium ammonium sulfate]] 523
+
==Codex Alimentarius list==
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*[[Aluminium sulfate]] 520
+
{| class="wikitable"
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*[[Aluminium sodium sulfate]] 521
+
|-
−
*[[Calcium chloride]] 509
+
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Codex Alimentarius name
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*[[Calcium citrate]]s 333
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! rowspan=2 | INS<br/>number
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**[[Monocalcium citrate]] 333(i)
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! colspan=4 | Authorizations
−
**[[Dicalcium citrate]] 333(ii)
+
|-
−
**[[Tricalcium citrate]] 333(iii)
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! EU
−
*[[Calcium gluconate]] 578
+
! AU-NZ
−
*[[Calcium hydroxide]] 526
+
! CAN
−
*[[Calcium phosphate]]s 341
+
! align=left width=40% | USA
−
**[[Monocalcium dihydrogen phosphate]] 341(i)
+
|-
−
**[[Calcium hydrogen phosphate]] 341(ii)
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| colspan=2 | [[Aluminium ammonium sulfate]]  
−
**[[Tricalcium phosphate]] 341(iii)
+
| align=center | 523
−
*[[Calcium sulfate]] 516
+
| align=center | <ref group="note" name="Al">Only in egg white (<&nbsp;30&nbsp;mg/kg as total Al) or in candied, crystallized and glacé fruit and vegetables (<&nbsp;200&nbsp;mg/kg as total Al): Annex&nbsp;IV, Directive&nbsp;95/2/EC.</ref>
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*[[Curdlan]] 424
+
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
−
*[[Magnesium chloride]] 511
+
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
−
*[[Magnesium gluconate]] 580
+
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 182.1127
−
*[[Magnesium sulfate]] 518
+
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Aluminium sodium sulfate]]  
 +
| align=center | 521
 +
| align=center | <ref group="note" name="Al"/>
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 182.1131
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Aluminium sulfate]]  
 +
| align=center | 520
 +
| align=center | <ref group="note" name="Al"/>
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 182.1125; <small>in modifying food starch, <&nbsp;2.0% in combination with [[1-octenyl succinic anhydride]] (<&nbsp;2.0%) 21 C.F.R. 172.892</small>
 +
|-
 +
| colspan = 2 | [[Calcium chloride]]  
 +
| align=center | 509
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔<br/><ref group="note">In infant food, <&nbsp;750&nbsp;mg/kg: section&nbsp;13.2, schedule&nbsp;1 to Standard&nbsp;1.3.1, [[Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code]].</ref>
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 184.1193 (GMP); <small>in cheese and cheese products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;133; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;150</small>
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Calcium citrate]]s  
 +
| align=center | 333
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| rowspan=4 align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| rowspan=4 align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔<br/><ref group="note" name="CA-cheese">Allowed in cream cheese spread, processed cheese, processed cheese food, processed cheese spread, in accordance with the requirements of sections B.08.038, B.08.039, B.08.040, B.08.041, B.08.041.1, B.08.041.2, B.08.041.3 and B.08.041.4. Limits: <&nbsp;4.0% for calcium citrates; <&nbsp;3.5% for calcium hydrogen phosphate. Table&nbsp;IV to Division&nbsp;B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations.</ref>
 +
| rowspan=4 | <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 184.1195; <small>in cheese and cheese products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;133; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;150</small>
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan=3 | &nbsp;
 +
| [[Monocalcium citrate]]  
 +
| align=center | 333(i)
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
|-
 +
| [[Dicalcium citrate]]  
 +
| align=center | 333(ii)
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
|-
 +
| [[Tricalcium citrate]]  
 +
| align=center | 333(iii)
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Calcium gluconate]]  
 +
| align=center | 578
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has requested fully up-to-date toxicology information.
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Calcium hydroxide]]  
 +
| align=center | 526
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔<br/><ref group="note">In infant formula, GMP: section&nbsp;13.1, schedule&nbsp;1 to Standard&nbsp;1.3.1, [[Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code]].</ref>
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | <ref group="note" name="CA-other">These compounds are not permitted as firming agents in Canada (Tables&nbsp;IV and VI to Division&nbsp;B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations), but have other permitted uses as food additives.</ref>
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 184.1205; <small>in ice cream and frozen custard, as a modifier for concentrated skimmed milk 21 C.F.R. 135.110</small>
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Calcium phosphate]]s  
 +
| align=center | 341
 +
| align=center | <ref group="note">Only in beverage whiteners (<&nbsp;30&nbsp;g/kg) or as specified for individual compounds: Annex&nbsp;IV, Directive&nbsp;95/2/EC, as modified by Art.&nbsp;1.6 and Annex, Directive&nbsp;98/72/EC.</ref>
 +
| rowspan=4 align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔<br/><ref group="note">Also specifically permitted in frozen fish, salts and condiments and wines (GMP): schedule&nbsp;1 to Standard&nbsp;1.3.1, [[Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code]].</ref>
 +
| align=center | &nbsp;
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.8217
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan=3 | &nbsp;
 +
| [[Monocalcium dihydrogen phosphate]]  
 +
| align=center | 341(i)
 +
| align=center | <ref group="note">Only in beverage whiteners for vending machines (<&nbsp;50&nbsp;g/kg): Annex&nbsp;IV, Directive&nbsp;95/2/EC, as modified by Art.&nbsp;1.6 and Annex, Directive&nbsp;98/72/EC.</ref>
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.6215, 182.8217; <small>in bakery products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;136; in cereal flours and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;137; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;150</small>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Calcium hydrogen phosphate]]  
 +
| align=center | 341(ii)
 +
| align=center | <ref group="note">Only in edible ices (<&nbsp;1&nbsp;g/kg): Annex&nbsp;IV, Directive&nbsp;95/2/EC, as modified by Art.&nbsp;1.6 and Annex, Directive&nbsp;98/72/EC.</ref>
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔<br/><ref group="note" name="CA-cheese"/>
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.8217; <small>in cereal flours and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;137</small>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Tricalcium phosphate]]  
 +
| align=center | 341(iii)
 +
| align=center | <ref group="note">Only in desserts (<&nbsp;3&nbsp;g/kg) or in dry powdered dessert mixes (<&nbsp;7&nbsp;g/kg): Annex&nbsp;IV, Directive&nbsp;95/2/EC, as modified by Art.&nbsp;1.6 and Annex, Directive&nbsp;98/72/EC.</ref>
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.8217; <small>in cereal flours and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;137</small>
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Calcium sulfate]]  
 +
| align=center | 516
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔<br/><ref group="note">Specifically permitted in fruit wine, vegetable wine and mead (GMP): section&nbsp;14.2.4, schedule&nbsp;1 to Standard&nbsp;1.3.1, [[Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code]].</ref>
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | <ref group="note">Allowed in ice cream and ice milk (<&nbsp;0.5%); sherbet (<&nbsp;0.75%); creamed cottage cheese (<&nbsp;0.05%); cream for whipping, heat-treated above 100&nbsp;°C (<&nbsp;0.005%); according to para.&nbsp;B.21.006(''n'') (<&nbsp;0.06%): Table&nbsp;IV to Division&nbsp;B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations. In tomatoes, canned vegetables and frozen or canned apples (<&nbsp;0.026% expressed as Ca): Table&nbsp;VI to Division&nbsp;B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations.</ref>
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 184.1230; <small>in cheese and cheese products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;133; in cereal flours and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;137; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21&nbsp;C.F.R.&nbsp;150</small>
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Curdlan]]  
 +
| align=center | 424
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">✔</span>: 21 C.F.R. 172.809
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Magnesium chloride]]  
 +
| align=center | 511
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | <ref group="note">Allowed in tofu (<&nbsp;0.3%, calculated as the anhydrous salt): Table&nbsp;IV to Division&nbsp;B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations.</ref>
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 184.1426; <small>in modified hop extract 21&nbsp;C.F.R.172.560</small>
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Magnesium gluconate]]  
 +
| align=center | 580
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has requested fully up-to-date toxicology information.
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=2 | [[Magnesium sulfate]]  
 +
| align=center | 518
 +
| align=center style="color: #ff0000;" | ✖
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | ✔
 +
| align=center style="color: #008000;" | <ref group="note" name="CA-other"/>
 +
| <span style="color: #008000;">'''GRAS'''</span>: 21 C.F.R. 184.1443
 +
|-
 +
| colspan=7 | References: <ref name="Codex"/><ref>Art.&nbsp;30, [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:354:0016:01:EN:HTML Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives], ''OJEU'' L354, 31.12.2008, pp&nbsp;16–33.</ref><ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31995L0002:EN:HTML European Parliament and Council Directive No 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colours and sweeteners], ''OJEU'' L61, 18.3.1995, pp&nbsp;1–40.</ref><ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31998L0072:EN:HTML Directive 98/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 October 1998 amending Directive 95/2/EC on food additives other than colours and sweeteners], ''OJEU'' L295, 4.11.1998, pp&nbsp;18–30.</ref><ref>[http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/foodstandards/foodstandardscode/standard131foodaddit4239.cfm Standard&nbsp;1.3.1], [[Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code]].</ref><ref>[http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cr/C.R.C.-c.870 Food and Drug Regulations] (C.R.C., c.&nbsp;870).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr182_09.html Part&nbsp;182: Substances generally recognized as safe] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr172_09.html Part&nbsp;172: Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr184_09.html Part&nbsp;184: Direct food substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr133_09.html Part&nbsp;133: Cheeses and related cheese products] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr150_09.html Part&nbsp;150: Fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr135_09.html Part&nbsp;135: Frozen desserts] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr136_09.html Part&nbsp;136: Bakery products] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref><ref>[[Code of Federal Regulations]], Title&nbsp;21: Food and Drugs, [http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_09/21cfr137_09.html Part&nbsp;137: Cereal flours and related products] (edition of April&nbsp;1, 2009).</ref>
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|}
  
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==References==
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==Notes and references==
 +
===Notes===
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{{reflist|group=note}}
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===References===
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
  

Latest revision as of 06:49, 11 December 2009

A firming agent is a food additive that makes or keeps tissues of fruit or vegetables firm and crisp, or interacts with gelling agents to produce or strengthen a gel.[1] They typically act by precipitating residual pectin.

Codex Alimentarius list

Codex Alimentarius name INS
number 		Authorizations
EU AU-NZ CAN USA
Aluminium ammonium sulfate 523 [note 1] ✖ ✔ GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 182.1127
Aluminium sodium sulfate 521 [note 1] ✖ ✔ GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 182.1131
Aluminium sulfate 520 [note 1] ✖ ✔ GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 182.1125; in modifying food starch, < 2.0% in combination with 1-octenyl succinic anhydride (< 2.0%) 21 C.F.R. 172.892
Calcium chloride 509 ✔ ✔
[note 2] 		✔ GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 184.1193 (GMP); in cheese and cheese products 21 C.F.R. 133; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21 C.F.R. 150
Calcium citrates 333 ✔ ✔ ✔
[note 3] 		GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 184.1195; in cheese and cheese products 21 C.F.R. 133; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21 C.F.R. 150
  Monocalcium citrate 333(i) ✔
Dicalcium citrate 333(ii) ✔
Tricalcium citrate 333(iii) ✔
Calcium gluconate 578 ✔ ✔ ✔ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has requested fully up-to-date toxicology information.
Calcium hydroxide 526 ✔ ✔
[note 4] 		[note 5] GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 184.1205; in ice cream and frozen custard, as a modifier for concentrated skimmed milk 21 C.F.R. 135.110
Calcium phosphates 341 [note 6] ✔
[note 7] 		  GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.8217
  Monocalcium dihydrogen phosphate 341(i) [note 8] ✔ GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.6215, 182.8217; in bakery products 21 C.F.R. 136; in cereal flours and related products 21 C.F.R. 137; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21 C.F.R. 150
Calcium hydrogen phosphate 341(ii) [note 9] ✔
[note 3] 		GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.8217; in cereal flours and related products 21 C.F.R. 137
Tricalcium phosphate 341(iii) [note 10] ✔ GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 182.1217, 182.8217; in cereal flours and related products 21 C.F.R. 137
Calcium sulfate 516 ✔ ✔
[note 11] 		[note 12] GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 184.1230; in cheese and cheese products 21 C.F.R. 133; in cereal flours and related products 21 C.F.R. 137; in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products 21 C.F.R. 150
Curdlan 424 ✖ ✖ ✖ ✔: 21 C.F.R. 172.809
Magnesium chloride 511 ✔ ✔ [note 13] GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 184.1426; in modified hop extract 21 C.F.R.172.560
Magnesium gluconate 580 ✖ ✖ ✖ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has requested fully up-to-date toxicology information.
Magnesium sulfate 518 ✖ ✔ [note 5] GRAS: 21 C.F.R. 184.1443
References: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Only in egg white (< 30 mg/kg as total Al) or in candied, crystallized and glacé fruit and vegetables (< 200 mg/kg as total Al): Annex IV, Directive 95/2/EC.
  2. ↑ In infant food, < 750 mg/kg: section 13.2, schedule 1 to Standard 1.3.1, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Allowed in cream cheese spread, processed cheese, processed cheese food, processed cheese spread, in accordance with the requirements of sections B.08.038, B.08.039, B.08.040, B.08.041, B.08.041.1, B.08.041.2, B.08.041.3 and B.08.041.4. Limits: < 4.0% for calcium citrates; < 3.5% for calcium hydrogen phosphate. Table IV to Division B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations.
  4. ↑ In infant formula, GMP: section 13.1, schedule 1 to Standard 1.3.1, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 These compounds are not permitted as firming agents in Canada (Tables IV and VI to Division B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations), but have other permitted uses as food additives.
  6. ↑ Only in beverage whiteners (< 30 g/kg) or as specified for individual compounds: Annex IV, Directive 95/2/EC, as modified by Art. 1.6 and Annex, Directive 98/72/EC.
  7. ↑ Also specifically permitted in frozen fish, salts and condiments and wines (GMP): schedule 1 to Standard 1.3.1, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.
  8. ↑ Only in beverage whiteners for vending machines (< 50 g/kg): Annex IV, Directive 95/2/EC, as modified by Art. 1.6 and Annex, Directive 98/72/EC.
  9. ↑ Only in edible ices (< 1 g/kg): Annex IV, Directive 95/2/EC, as modified by Art. 1.6 and Annex, Directive 98/72/EC.
  10. ↑ Only in desserts (< 3 g/kg) or in dry powdered dessert mixes (< 7 g/kg): Annex IV, Directive 95/2/EC, as modified by Art. 1.6 and Annex, Directive 98/72/EC.
  11. ↑ Specifically permitted in fruit wine, vegetable wine and mead (GMP): section 14.2.4, schedule 1 to Standard 1.3.1, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.
  12. ↑ Allowed in ice cream and ice milk (< 0.5%); sherbet (< 0.75%); creamed cottage cheese (< 0.05%); cream for whipping, heat-treated above 100 °C (< 0.005%); according to para. B.21.006(n) (< 0.06%): Table IV to Division B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations. In tomatoes, canned vegetables and frozen or canned apples (< 0.026% expressed as Ca): Table VI to Division B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations.
  13. ↑ Allowed in tofu (< 0.3%, calculated as the anhydrous salt): Table IV to Division B.16, Food and Drugs Regulations.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Codex Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives, 7th ed.; Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2009. CAC/GL 36-1989, <http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/7/CXG_036e.pdf>.
  2. ↑ Art. 30, Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives, OJEU L354, 31.12.2008, pp 16–33.
  3. ↑ European Parliament and Council Directive No 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colours and sweeteners, OJEU L61, 18.3.1995, pp 1–40.
  4. ↑ Directive 98/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 October 1998 amending Directive 95/2/EC on food additives other than colours and sweeteners, OJEU L295, 4.11.1998, pp 18–30.
  5. ↑ Standard 1.3.1, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.
  6. ↑ Food and Drug Regulations (C.R.C., c. 870).
  7. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 182: Substances generally recognized as safe (edition of April 1, 2009).
  8. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 172: Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption (edition of April 1, 2009).
  9. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 184: Direct food substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe (edition of April 1, 2009).
  10. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 133: Cheeses and related cheese products (edition of April 1, 2009).
  11. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 150: Fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products (edition of April 1, 2009).
  12. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 135: Frozen desserts (edition of April 1, 2009).
  13. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 136: Bakery products (edition of April 1, 2009).
  14. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 137: Cereal flours and related products (edition of April 1, 2009).

External links

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