Difference between revisions of "Aluminium chlorohydrate"

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| verifiedrevid = 291691731
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{{chembox
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| IUPAC_name        =
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| Name = Basic aluminium chloride
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| image            =
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| OtherNames = Aluminium hydroxychloride<br/>Aluminium chlorhydroxide<br/>Aluminium chlorohydrol<br/>Polyaluminium chloride
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}}
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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| CAS_number        = 1327-41-9
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|  CASNo = 1327-41-9
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| ATC_prefix        = M05
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|   CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}}
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| ATC_suffix        = BX02
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|   EINECS = 215-477-2
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| PubChem          =
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|   ATCCode_prefix = M05
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| DrugBank          =
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|   ATCCode_suffix = BX02
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| chemical_formula  = Al<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>5</sub>
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  }}
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| molecular_weight  = 174.45
 
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| bioavailability   =
 
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| protein_bound    =
 
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| metabolism        =
 
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| elimination_half-life =
 
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| pregnancy_AU      =  <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
 
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| pregnancy_US      = <!-- A / B            / C / D / X -->
 
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{{chembox
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| Name = Aluminium chloride dihydroxide
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| IUPACName = aluminium chloride dihydroxide
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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|  CASNo = 10284-64-7
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|  EINECS = 233-632-2
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|  InChI = 1/Al.ClH.2H2O/h;1H;2*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
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|  InChIKey = YCLAMANSVUJYPT-DFZHHIFOAH
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|  StdInChI = 1S/Al.ClH.2H2O/h;1H;2*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
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|  StdInChIKey = YCLAMANSVUJYPT-UHFFFAOYSA-K
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|  ChemSpiderID = 8373134
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  }}
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
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|  Formula  = AlCl(OH)<sub>2</sub>
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|  MolarMass  = 96.449 g/mol
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  }}
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
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  }}
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}}
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{{chembox
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| Name = Aluminium dichloride hydroxide
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| IUPACName = aluminium dichloride hydroxide
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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|  CASNo = 14215-15-7
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|  EINECS = 238-071-7
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|  InChI = 1/Al.2ClH.H2O/h;2*1H;1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
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|  InChIKey = IDOSCGGXFAKNLS-DFZHHIFOAS
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|  StdInChI = InChI=1S/Al.2ClH.H2O/h;2*1H;1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
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|  StdInChIKey = IDOSCGGXFAKNLS-UHFFFAOYSA-K
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|  ChemSpiderID = 8466237
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  }}
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
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|  Formula  = AlCl<sub>2</sub>(OH)
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|  MolarMass  = 114.89 g/mol
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  }}
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
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  }}
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}}
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{{chembox
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| Name = Dialuminium chloride pentahydroxide
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| IUPACName = dialuminium chloride pentahydroxide
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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|  CASNo = 12042-91-0
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|    CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}}
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|  EINECS = 234-933-1
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|  InChI = 1/2Al.ClH.5H2O/h;;1H;5*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;/p-6
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|  InChIKey = ZGRQKCWNBYXGOB-CYFPFDDLAZ
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|  StdInChI = 1S/2Al.ClH.5H2O/h;;1H;5*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;/p-6
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|  StdInChIKey = ZGRQKCWNBYXGOB-UHFFFAOYSA-H
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|  ChemSpiderID = 8329776
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  }}
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
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|  Formula  = Al<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>5</sub>
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|  MolarMass  = 174.45 g/mol
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  }}
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
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|  ExternalMSDS = [http://www.gulbrandsen.com/pdf/ACHmsds.pdf External MSDS]
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  }}
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'''Aluminium chlorohydrate''' or '''basic aluminium chloride''' is a group of [[salt]]s having the general formula Al<sub>''n''</sub>Cl<sub>(3''n''-''m'')</sub>(OH)<sub>''m''</sub>. It is used in [[deodorant]]s and [[antiperspirant]]s and as a [[flocculation|flocculant]] in [[water purification]].
  
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'''Aluminium chlorohydrate''' is a group of [[salt]]s having the general formula [[Aluminium|Al]]<sub>n</sub>[[Chloride|Cl]]<sub>(3n-m)</sub>([[Hydroxide|OH]])<sub>m</sub>. It is used in [[deodorant]]s and [[antiperspirant]]s and as a [[flocculation|flocculant]] in [[water purification]].
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In water purification, where it is usually called '''polyaluminium chloride''', this compound is preferred in some cases because the [[PH|pH value]] can be varied according to the exact values chosen for the subscripts ''n'' and ''m'' in the pattern formula.  Although many variations are used, an especially important combination is Al<sub>12</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub>. The actual pH correlates to the formula ''m''/(3''n'').  
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In water purification, where it is usually called ''polyaluminium chloride'', this compound is preferred in some cases because the [[PH|pH value]] can be varied according to the exact values chosen for the subscripts <sub>n</sub> and <sub>m</sub> in the pattern formula.  Although many variations are used, an especially important combination is Al<sub>12</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub>. The actual pH correlates to the formula m/(3n).  
 
  
 
==Structure==
 
==Structure==
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Aluminium chlorohydrate is best described as an inorganic polymer and as such is difficult to structurally characterise. However, techniques such as [[Gel permeation chromatography]], [[X-ray crystallography]] and <sup>27</sup>Al-NMR have been used in research by various groups including that of Nazar <ref>{{cite journal | title=Speciation and Thermal Transformation in Alumina Sols: Structures of the Polyhydroxyoxoaluminum Cluster [Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)26]18+ and Its d-Keggin Moiety | author=L.C. Rowsell and L.F. Nazar  | work=J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2000), 122(15), 3777 }}</ref> and Laden  
+
Aluminium chlorohydrate is best described as an inorganic polymer and as such is difficult to structurally characterise. However, techniques such as [[gel permeation chromatography]], [[X-ray crystallography]] and <sup>27</sup>Al-NMR have been used in research by various groups including that of Nazar<ref>{{citation | title = Speciation and Thermal Transformation in Alumina Sols: Structures of the Polyhydroxyoxoaluminum Cluster &#91;Al<sub>30</sub>O<sub>8</sub>(OH)<sub>56</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>26</sub>&#93;<sup>18+</sup> and Its δ-Keggin Moieté | first1 = L. C. | last1 = Rowsell | first2 = L. F. | last2 = Nazar  | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year = 2000 | volume = 122 | issue = 15 | page = 3777–78 | doi = 10.1021/ja993711+}}.</ref> and Laden<ref>{{citation | title = Antiperspirants and Deodorants | edition = 2nd | editor1-first = Karl | editor1-last = Laden | editor2-first = Carl B. | editor2-last = Felger | year = 1999 | isbn = 0824717465}}.</ref> to show that the material is based on Al<sub>13</sub> units with a [[Keggin structure|Keggin ion]] structure and that this base unit then undergoes complex transformations to form larger poly-aluminium complexes.
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<ref>{{cite book | title=Antiperspirants and Deodorants (Cosmetic Science & Technology) | author=Karl Laden and Carl B. Felger}}</ref> to show that the material is based on Al<sub>13</sub> units with a [[Keggin structure|Keggin ion]] structure and that this base unit then undergoes complex transformations to form larger poly-aluminium complexes.
 
  
 
==Synthesis==
 
==Synthesis==
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Aluminium chlorohydrate can be commercially manufactured by reacting aluminium with [[hydrochloric acid]]. A number of aluminium-containing raw materials can be used, including [[aluminium]] [[metal]], [[alumina trihydrate]], [[aluminium chloride]], [[aluminium sulfate]] and combinations of these. The products can contain by-product salts, such as [[sodium chloride|sodium]]/[[calcium chloride|calcium]]/[[magnesium chloride|magnesium]] [[chloride]] or [[sulfate]].<ref> {{Citation | last = | first =  | author-link =  | last2 =  | first2 =  | author2-link =  | title = Liquid Polyaluminum Chloride | place=  | publisher = [[American Water Works Association]]  | year = 1993  | location =  | volume =  | edition = B408-93  | url =  | doi = | id =  }}</ref>
+
Aluminium chlorohydrate can be commercially manufactured by reacting aluminium with [[hydrochloric acid]]. A number of aluminium-containing raw materials can be used, including [[aluminium]] [[metal]], [[alumina trihydrate]], [[aluminium chloride]], [[aluminium sulfate]] and combinations of these. The products can contain by-product salts, such as [[sodium chloride|sodium]]/[[calcium chloride|calcium]]/[[magnesium chloride|magnesium]] [[chloride]] or [[sulfate]].<ref>{{Citation | title = ANSI/AWWA B408-03 Liquid Polyaluminum Chloride | location =  | publisher = American Water Works Association | year = 2003}}.</ref>
  
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Because of the potential explosive hazard of mixing aluminium metal with hydrochloric acid, the most common industrial practice is to prepare a solution of aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) by reacting [[aluminium hydroxide]] with [[hydrochloric acid]]. The ACH product is reacted with aluminium ingots at 100&nbsp;°C using steam in an open mixing tank.  The Al to ACH ratio and the time of reaction allowed determines the polymer form of the PAC n to m ratio.
+
Because of the potential explosive hazard of mixing aluminium metal with hydrochloric acid, the most common industrial practice is to prepare a solution of aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) by reacting [[aluminium hydroxide]] with [[hydrochloric acid]]. The ACH product is reacted with aluminium ingots at 100&nbsp;°C using steam in an open mixing tank.  The Al to ACH ratio and the time of reaction allowed determines the polymer form of the PAC ''n'':''m'' ratio.
  
 
==Safety==
 
==Safety==
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The variation most commonly used in deodorants and antiperspirants is Al<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>5</sub>.  There is no scientific evidence supporting widespread rumors that aluminium salts in deodorants can cause [[Alzheimer's disease]] or [[breast cancer]].
+
The variation most commonly used in deodorants and antiperspirants is Al<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>5</sub>.  There is no scientific evidence supporting widespread rumors that aluminium salts in deodorants can cause [[Alzheimer's disease]] or [[breast cancer]]. Amongst others, research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute<ref>{{citation | first1 = Dana K. | last1 = Mirick | first2 = Scott | last2 = Davis | first3 = David B. | last3 = Thomas  | title = Antiperspirant Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer | year = 2002 | journal = J. Natl. Cancer Inst. | volume = 94 | issue = 20 | pages = 1578–80 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/94.20.1578}}.</ref> found no evidence whatsoever that these compounds increase the risk of breast cancer. However, aluminium is a neurotoxin that alters the function of the blood-brain barrier<ref>{{citation | last1 = Banks | first1 = William A. | last2 = Kastin | first2 = Abba J. | title = Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier | journal = Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. | year = 1989 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–53 | doi = 10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X}}.</ref>, and it is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function to living cells.
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Amongst others, research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute<ref>{{cite web | url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/20/1578 | title=Antiperspirant Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer | author=Dana K. Mirick, Scott Davis, David B. Thomas  | date=October 16, 2002 | work=Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 94, No. 20, 1578-1580 | accessdate=2007-05-10 }}</ref> found no evidence whatsoever that these compounds increase the risk of breast cancer. However, aluminium is a neurotoxin that alters the function of the blood-brain barrier<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2671833&dopt=Citation Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in mem...[Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1989&#93; - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, and it is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function to living cells.
 
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==Synonyms==
 
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* Aluminium hydroxychloride
 
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* Aluminium chlorhydroxide
 
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* Aluminium chloride basic
 
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* Aluminium chlorohydrol
 
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* Polyaluminium chloride
 
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==See also==
 
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* [[Aluminium chloride]]
 
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* [[Aluminium hydroxide]]
 
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* [[Keggin structure]]
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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==References==
 
==References==
 
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{Reflist|2}}
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<!--
 
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* 1; L.C. Rowsell and L.F. Nazar, Speciation and Thermal Transformation in Alumina Sols: Structures of the Polyhydroxyoxoaluminium Cluster [Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)26]18+ and Its d-Keggin Moiety,  ''J. Am. Chem. Soc.''  (2000), '''122(15)''', 3777.
 
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* 2: Antiperspirants and Deodorants (Cosmetic Science & Technology) by Karl Laden and Carl B. Felger
 
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-->
 
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{{Medicated dressings}}
 
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{{Drugs for treatment of bone diseases}}
 
  
 
[[Category:Aluminium compounds]]
 
[[Category:Aluminium compounds]]
 
[[Category:Chlorides]]
 
[[Category:Chlorides]]
 
[[Category:Basic salts]]
 
[[Category:Basic salts]]
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[[Category:Medicated dressings]]
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[[Category:Drugs for the treatment of bone diseases]]
  
 
{{Imported from Wikipedia|name=Aluminium chlorohydrate|id=318864047}}
 
{{Imported from Wikipedia|name=Aluminium chlorohydrate|id=318864047}}

Latest revision as of 07:05, 13 December 2009

Basic aluminium chloride
Other names Aluminium hydroxychloride
Aluminium chlorhydroxide
Aluminium chlorohydrol
Polyaluminium chloride
Identifiers
CAS number [1327-41-9]
EC number 215-477-2
ATC code M05BX02
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Aluminium chloride dihydroxide
IUPAC name aluminium chloride dihydroxide
Identifiers
InChI InChI=1/Al.ClH.2H2O/h;1H;2*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
InChIKey YCLAMANSVUJYPT-DFZHHIFOAH
Standard InChI InChI=1S/Al.ClH.2H2O/h;1H;2*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Standard InChIKey YCLAMANSVUJYPT-UHFFFAOYSA-K
CAS number [10284-64-7]
EC number 233-632-2
ChemSpider 8373134
Properties
Chemical formula AlCl(OH)2
Molar mass 96.449 g/mol
Hazards
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Aluminium dichloride hydroxide
IUPAC name aluminium dichloride hydroxide
Identifiers
InChI InChI=1/Al.2ClH.H2O/h;2*1H;1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
InChIKey IDOSCGGXFAKNLS-DFZHHIFOAS
Standard InChI InChI=InChI=1S/Al.2ClH.H2O/h;2*1H;1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Standard InChIKey IDOSCGGXFAKNLS-UHFFFAOYSA-K
CAS number [14215-15-7]
EC number 238-071-7
ChemSpider 8466237
Properties
Chemical formula AlCl2(OH)
Molar mass 114.89 g/mol
Hazards
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Dialuminium chloride pentahydroxide
IUPAC name dialuminium chloride pentahydroxide
Identifiers
InChI InChI=1/2Al.ClH.5H2O/h;;1H;5*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;/p-6
InChIKey ZGRQKCWNBYXGOB-CYFPFDDLAZ
Standard InChI InChI=1S/2Al.ClH.5H2O/h;;1H;5*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;/p-6
Standard InChIKey ZGRQKCWNBYXGOB-UHFFFAOYSA-H
CAS number [12042-91-0]
EC number 234-933-1
ChemSpider 8329776
Properties
Chemical formula Al2Cl(OH)5
Molar mass 174.45 g/mol
Hazards
Material safety data sheet (MSDS) External MSDS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Aluminium chlorohydrate or basic aluminium chloride is a group of salts having the general formula AlnCl(3n-m)(OH)m. It is used in deodorants and antiperspirants and as a flocculant in water purification.

In water purification, where it is usually called polyaluminium chloride, this compound is preferred in some cases because the pH value can be varied according to the exact values chosen for the subscripts n and m in the pattern formula. Although many variations are used, an especially important combination is Al12Cl12(OH)24. The actual pH correlates to the formula m/(3n).

Structure

Aluminium chlorohydrate is best described as an inorganic polymer and as such is difficult to structurally characterise. However, techniques such as gel permeation chromatography, X-ray crystallography and 27Al-NMR have been used in research by various groups including that of Nazar[1] and Laden[2] to show that the material is based on Al13 units with a Keggin ion structure and that this base unit then undergoes complex transformations to form larger poly-aluminium complexes.

Synthesis

Aluminium chlorohydrate can be commercially manufactured by reacting aluminium with hydrochloric acid. A number of aluminium-containing raw materials can be used, including aluminium metal, alumina trihydrate, aluminium chloride, aluminium sulfate and combinations of these. The products can contain by-product salts, such as sodium/calcium/magnesium chloride or sulfate.[3]

Because of the potential explosive hazard of mixing aluminium metal with hydrochloric acid, the most common industrial practice is to prepare a solution of aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) by reacting aluminium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. The ACH product is reacted with aluminium ingots at 100 °C using steam in an open mixing tank. The Al to ACH ratio and the time of reaction allowed determines the polymer form of the PAC n:m ratio.

Safety

The variation most commonly used in deodorants and antiperspirants is Al2Cl(OH)5. There is no scientific evidence supporting widespread rumors that aluminium salts in deodorants can cause Alzheimer's disease or breast cancer. Amongst others, research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute[4] found no evidence whatsoever that these compounds increase the risk of breast cancer. However, aluminium is a neurotoxin that alters the function of the blood-brain barrier[5], and it is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function to living cells.

External links

References

  1. ↑ Rowsell, L. C.; Nazar, L. F. Speciation and Thermal Transformation in Alumina Sols: Structures of the Polyhydroxyoxoaluminum Cluster [Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)26]18+ and Its δ-Keggin Moieté. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122 (15), 3777–78. DOI: 10.1021/ja993711+.
  2. ↑ Antiperspirants and Deodorants, 2nd ed.; Laden, Karl; Felger, Carl B., Eds., 1999. ISBN 0824717465.
  3. ↑ ANSI/AWWA B408-03 Liquid Polyaluminum Chloride; American Water Works Association, 2003.
  4. ↑ Mirick, Dana K.; Davis, Scott; Thomas, David B. Antiperspirant Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002, 94 (20), 1578–80. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/94.20.1578.
  5. ↑ Banks, William A.; Kastin, Abba J. Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1989, 13 (1), 47–53. DOI: 10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X.
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