Difference between revisions of "Fehling's reagent"
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| − | '''Fehling's reagent''', also called '''Fehling's solution''', is a [[reagent]] used to test for [[reducing sugar]]s, named after German chemist [[Hermann von Fehling]]. It is an alkaline solution of [[Copper|copper(II)]] stabilized by [[Tartaric acid|tartrate]] ions. | + | '''Fehling's reagent''', also called '''Fehling's solution''', is a [[reagent]] used to test for [[reducing sugar]]s, named after German chemist [[Hermann von Fehling]].<ref>{{citation | journal = Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 106–13 | title = Die quantitative Bestimmung von Zucker und Stärkmehl mittelst Kupfervitriol | first = H. | last = Fehling | authorlink = Hermann von Fehling | year = 1849 | doi = 10.1002/jlac.18490720112}}.</ref> It is an alkaline solution of [[Copper|copper(II)]] stabilized by [[Tartaric acid|tartrate]] ions. |
==Reagent== | ==Reagent== | ||
| − | The reagent is prepared immediately before use by mixing equal | + | The reagent is prepared immediately before use by mixing equal volumes of two solutions: |
;Solution A: 70 g of [[copper(II) sulfate]] pentahydrate dissolved in water and diluted to one litre | ;Solution A: 70 g of [[copper(II) sulfate]] pentahydrate dissolved in water and diluted to one litre | ||
;Solution B: 350 g of [[potassium sodium tartrate]] tetrahydrate ("Rochelle salt") and 100 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in water and diluted to one litre | ;Solution B: 350 g of [[potassium sodium tartrate]] tetrahydrate ("Rochelle salt") and 100 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in water and diluted to one litre | ||
| + | The final reagent is {{nowrap|140 mmol dm<sup>−3</sup>}} in copper(II) and {{nowrap|620 mmol dm<sup>−3</sup>}} in total tartrate (a fourfold excess over copper), with a [[pH]] of about 14. The copper(II) is present as a variety of tartrate [[complex]]es, [Cu(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)<sub>''n''</sub>]<sup>(2''n''−2)−</sup> (''n'' = 2–6),<ref>{{citation | title = Novel Copper-Tartrate Coordination Compounds | first = Neil D. | last = Jespersen | doi = 10.1080/00032717208064332 | journal = Anal. Lett. | volume = 5 | issue = 7 | year = 1972 | pages = 497–508}}.</ref> which prevents the precipitation of [[copper(II) hydroxide]] or sparingly soluble [[copper(II) tartrate]].<ref>{{citation | title = Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel tartrate copper(II) two-dimensional coordination polymer: {[Cu<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]·4H<sub>2</sub>O}<sub>∞</sub> | last1 = Jian | first1 = Fangfang | last2 = Zhao | first2 = Pusu | last3 = Wang | first3 = Qingxiang | journal = J. Coord. Chem. | volume = 58 | issue = 13 | year = 2005 | pages = 1133–38 | doi = 10.1080/00958970500148446}}.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The mixed reagent cannot be stored, as the tartrate ions are degraded and reduce the copper(II) to a precipitate of [[copper(I) oxide]].<ref name="Benedict">{{citation | last = Benedict | first = Stanley R. | authorlink = Stanley Rossiter Benedict | title = A Reagent For the Detection of Reducing Sugars | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 485–87 | year = 1908 | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/5/5/485.full.pdf}}.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Test== | ||
| + | Fehling's reagent was used to test for glucose in [[urine]], a clear sign of [[diabetes]], until it was superseded by [[Benedict's reagent]] and then by [[Enzyme|enzymatic]] methods, particularly those based on [[glucose oxidase]].<ref name="JBC">{{citation | first1 = Robert D. | last1 = Simoni | first2 = Robert L. | last2 = Hill | first3 = Martha | last3 = Vaughan | title = Benedict's Solution, a Reagent for Measuring Reducing Sugars: the Clinical Chemistry of Stanley R. Benedict | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 16 | pages = e5 | year = 2002 | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/277/16/e5.full.pdf}}.</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:54, 7 April 2010
Fehling's reagent, also called Fehling's solution, is a reagent used to test for reducing sugars, named after German chemist Hermann von Fehling.[1] It is an alkaline solution of copper(II) stabilized by tartrate ions.
Contents
Reagent
The reagent is prepared immediately before use by mixing equal volumes of two solutions:
- Solution A
- 70 g of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate dissolved in water and diluted to one litre
- Solution B
- 350 g of potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate ("Rochelle salt") and 100 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in water and diluted to one litre
The final reagent is 140 mmol dm−3 in copper(II) and 620 mmol dm−3 in total tartrate (a fourfold excess over copper), with a pH of about 14. The copper(II) is present as a variety of tartrate complexes, [Cu(C4H4O6)n](2n−2)− (n = 2–6),[2] which prevents the precipitation of copper(II) hydroxide or sparingly soluble copper(II) tartrate.[3]
The mixed reagent cannot be stored, as the tartrate ions are degraded and reduce the copper(II) to a precipitate of copper(I) oxide.[4]
Test
Fehling's reagent was used to test for glucose in urine, a clear sign of diabetes, until it was superseded by Benedict's reagent and then by enzymatic methods, particularly those based on glucose oxidase.[5]
References
- ↑ Fehling, H. Die quantitative Bestimmung von Zucker und Stärkmehl mittelst Kupfervitriol. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1849, 72 (1), 106–13. DOI: 10.1002/jlac.18490720112.
- ↑ Jespersen, Neil D. Novel Copper-Tartrate Coordination Compounds. Anal. Lett. 1972, 5 (7), 497–508. DOI: 10.1080/00032717208064332.
- ↑ Jian, Fangfang; Zhao, Pusu; Wang, Qingxiang Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel tartrate copper(II) two-dimensional coordination polymer: {[Cu2(C4H4O6)2(H2O)2]·4H2O}∞. J. Coord. Chem. 2005, 58 (13), 1133–38. DOI: 10.1080/00958970500148446.
- ↑ Benedict, Stanley R. A Reagent For the Detection of Reducing Sugars. J. Biol. Chem. 1908, 5 (6), 485–87, <http://www.jbc.org/content/5/5/485.full.pdf>.
- ↑ Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L.; Vaughan, Martha Benedict's Solution, a Reagent for Measuring Reducing Sugars: the Clinical Chemistry of Stanley R. Benedict. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277 (16), e5, <http://www.jbc.org/content/277/16/e5.full.pdf>.
External links
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See also the corresponding article on Wikipedia. |
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