Difference between revisions of "Aluminium hydroxide"
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| ImageFile2 = Hydroxid hlinitý.PNG | | ImageFile2 = Hydroxid hlinitý.PNG | ||
| IUPACName = Aluminium hydroxide | | IUPACName = Aluminium hydroxide | ||
| − | | OtherNames = | + | | OtherNames = Hydrated alumina<br/>[[Gibbsite]] |
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | ||
| ChemSpiderID = 8351587 | | ChemSpiderID = 8351587 | ||
| InChI = 1/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3 | | InChI = 1/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3 | ||
| InChIKey = WNROFYMDJYEPJX-DFZHHIFOAJ | | InChIKey = WNROFYMDJYEPJX-DFZHHIFOAJ | ||
| + | | StdInChI = 1S/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3 | ||
| + | | StdInChIKey = WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K | ||
| CASNo = 21645-51-2 | | CASNo = 21645-51-2 | ||
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} | | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Aluminium hydroxide''', Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> | + | '''Aluminium hydroxide''', Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>, is a common form of [[aluminium]] in normal conditions. It is found in nature as the mineral [[gibbsite]] (also known as hydrargillite) and its three, much more rare, polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and nordstrandite. Closely related are [[aluminium oxide hydroxide]], AlO(OH), and [[aluminium oxide]], Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, differing only by loss of water. These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium [[ore]] [[bauxite]]. Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide forms [[gel]]s, which is the basis for application of aluminium salts as [[flocculation|flocculants]] in water purification. This gel crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be dehydrated (e.g., with the utility of water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids. Heat-dried aluminium hydroxide powder is known as activated alumina and is used in gas purification, as a catalyst support and an abrasive. |
==Production== | ==Production== | ||
| Line 48: | Line 50: | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
| − | Pharmacologically, this compound is used as an [[antacid]] under names such as Alu-Cap, Aludrox or Pepsamar. The hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing its acidity.<ref>{{ | + | Pharmacologically, this compound is used as an [[antacid]] under names such as Alu-Cap, Aludrox or Pepsamar. The hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing its acidity.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Galbraith | first1 = A. | last2 = Bullock | first2 = S. | last3 = Manias | first3 = E. | last4 = Hunt | first4 = B. | last5 = Richards | first5 = A. | year = 1999 | title = Fundamentals of pharmacology: a text for nurses and health professionals | location = Harlow | publisher = Pearson | page = 482}}.</ref> This decrease of acidity of the contents of the stomach may in turn help to relieve the symptoms of [[peptic ulcer|ulcers]], [[heartburn]] or [[dyspepsia]]. It can also cause constipation and is therefore often used with [[magnesium hydroxide]] or [[magnesium carbonate]], which have counterbalancing [[laxative]] effects. This compound is also used to control [[phosphate]] (phosphorus) levels in the blood of people suffering from kidney failure. |
| − | Aluminium hydroxide, alum, is included as an [[adjuvant]] in some [[vaccine]]s (e.g., ''[[Alhydrogel]]'', [[Anthrax | + | Aluminium hydroxide, alum, is included as an [[adjuvant]] in some [[vaccine]]s (e.g., ''[[Alhydrogel]]'', [[Anthrax vaccine]]), since it appears to contribute to induction of a good [[antibody]] (Th2) response. Its pharmacological action is not known. However, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Petrovsky | first1 = N. | last2 = Aguilar | first2 = J. C. | title = Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends | journal = Immunol Cell Biol. | year = 2004 | volume = 82 | issue = 5 | pages = 488–96 | doi = 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x}}.</ref> |
| − | Because the brain lesions found in [[Alzheimer's disease]] sometimes contain traces of aluminium, there is concern that consumption of excess aluminium compounds may cause or contribute to the development of this and other [[neurodegenerative disease]]s.<ref>{{ | + | Because the brain lesions found in [[Alzheimer's disease]] sometimes contain traces of aluminium, there is concern that consumption of excess aluminium compounds may cause or contribute to the development of this and other [[neurodegenerative disease]]s.<ref>{{citation | last1 =Perl | first1 = D. P. | last2 = Moalem | first2 = S. | title = Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease, a personal perspective after 25 years | journal = J. Alzheimers Dis. | volume = 9 | issue = 3 Suppl | pages = 291–300 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17004365 | doi = | url = http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1387-2877&volume=9&issue=3&spage=291}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Kawahara | first = M. | title = Effects of aluminum on the nervous system and its possible link with neurodegenerative diseases | journal = J. Alzheimers Dis. | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 171–82; discussion 209–15 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16308486 | doi = | url = http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1387-2877&volume=8&issue=2&spage=171}}.</ref> However, multiple epidemiological studies have found no connection between exposure to aluminium and neurological disorders.<ref>{{citation | last = Rondeau | first = V. | title = A review of epidemiologic studies on aluminum and silica in relation to Alzheimer's disease and associated disorders | journal = Rev. Environ. Health | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–21 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12222737}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Martyn | first1 = C. N. | last2 = Coggon | first2 = D. N. | last3 = Inskip | first3 = H. | last4 = Lacey | first4 = R. F. | last5 = Young | first5 = W. F. | title = Aluminum concentrations in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 281–86 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9115023 | doi = 10.1097/00001648-199705000-00009}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Graves | first1 = A. B. | last2 = Rosner | first2 = D. | last3 = Echeverria | first3 = D. | last4 = Mortimer | first4 = J. A. | last5 = Larson | first5 = E. B. | title = Occupational exposures to solvents and aluminium and estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease | journal = Occup. Environ. Med. | volume = 55 | issue = 9 | pages = 627–33 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9861186 | doi = 10.1136/oem.55.9.627}}.</ref> |
| − | | | ||
| − | |title=A review of epidemiologic studies on aluminum and silica in relation to Alzheimer's disease and associated disorders | ||
| − | |journal=Rev Environ Health | ||
| − | |volume=17 | ||
| − | |issue=2 | ||
| − | |pages=107–21 | ||
| − | |year=2002 | ||
| − | |pmid=12222737 | ||
| − | }}</ref><ref>{{ | ||
| − | | | ||
| − | |title=Aluminum concentrations in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease | ||
| − | |journal=Epidemiology | ||
| − | |volume=8 | ||
| − | |issue=3 | ||
| − | |pages= | ||
| − | |year=1997 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |pmid=9115023 | ||
| − | |doi=10.1097/00001648-199705000-00009 | ||
| − | }}</ref><ref>{{ | ||
| − | | | ||
| − | |title=Occupational exposures to solvents and aluminium and estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease | ||
| − | |journal=Occup Environ Med | ||
| − | |volume=55 | ||
| − | |issue=9 | ||
| − | |pages=627–33 | ||
| − | |year=1998 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |pmid=9861186 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |doi=10.1136/oem.55.9.627 | ||
| − | }}</ref> | ||
| − | In addition, elevated aluminium levels in blood, resulting from kidney dialysis with well water containing high aluminium, may result in [[dementia]] that is similar to but probably different from that of Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{ | + | In addition, elevated aluminium levels in blood, resulting from kidney dialysis with well water containing high aluminium, may result in [[dementia]] that is similar to but probably different from that of Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{citation | last = Carpenter | first = D. O. | title = Effects of metals on the nervous system of humans and animals | journal = Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 209–18 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11764847 | doi = }}.</ref>. However, this hypothesis is controversial. |
| − | In 2007, tests with mice of the [[anthrax vaccine]] using aluminium hydroxide adjuvant were reported as resulting in adverse neuropathy symptoms.<ref>{{ | + | In 2007, tests with mice of the [[anthrax vaccine]] using aluminium hydroxide adjuvant were reported as resulting in adverse neuropathy symptoms.<ref>{{citation | lat1 = Petrik | first1 = M. S. | last2 = Wong | first2 = M. C. | last3 = Tabata | first3 = R. C. | last4 = Garry | first4 = R. F. | last5 = Shaw | first5 = C. A. | title = Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice | journal = Neuromol. Med. | year = 2007 | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = 83–100 | doi = 10.1385/NMM:9:1:83}}.</ref> |
==Use as a fire retardant== | ==Use as a fire retardant== | ||
Revision as of 06:21, 26 November 2009
| Aluminium hydroxide | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
| IUPAC name | Aluminium hydroxide |
| Other names | Hydrated alumina Gibbsite |
| Identifiers | |
| InChI | InChI=1/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3 |
| InChIKey | WNROFYMDJYEPJX-DFZHHIFOAJ |
| Standard InChI | InChI=1S/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3 |
| Standard InChIKey | WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K |
| CAS number | [] |
| EC number | |
| RTECS | BD0940000 |
| ATC code | A02 |
| ChemSpider | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Al(OH)3 |
| Molar mass | 78.00 g/mol |
| Appearance | White amorphous powder |
| Density | 2.42 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point |
300 °C dehydr. |
| Solubility in water | 0.0001 g/100 ml (20 °C) |
| Solubility | soluble in acids, alkalis |
| Hazards | |
| Material safety data sheet (MSDS) | ICSC |
| EU index number | not listed |
| Flash point | non-flammable |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Aluminium oxide hydroxide Aluminium oxide |
| Other cations | Boric acid Gallium hydroxide |
| Template:Tick(what is this?) (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is a common form of aluminium in normal conditions. It is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three, much more rare, polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and nordstrandite. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al2O3, differing only by loss of water. These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide forms gels, which is the basis for application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification. This gel crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be dehydrated (e.g., with the utility of water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids. Heat-dried aluminium hydroxide powder is known as activated alumina and is used in gas purification, as a catalyst support and an abrasive.
Contents
Production
Aluminium hydroxide is an intermediate product in the Bayer process. In this process, bauxite is dissolved in hot sodium hydroxide solution, and insolubilities are filtered off. On cooling, aluminium hydroxide precipitates. The aluminium hydroxide is further calcined to give alumina, which may be smelted in the Hall–Héroult process in order to produce aluminium.
Chemistry
Gibbsite has a typical metal hydroxide structure with hydrogen bonds. It is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.[1]
Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. It dissolves in acid, forming Al(H2O)63+ (hexaaquaaluminate) or its hydrolysis products. It also dissolves in strong alkali, forming Al(OH)4- (tetrahydroxidoaluminate).
Pharmacology
Pharmacologically, this compound is used as an antacid under names such as Alu-Cap, Aludrox or Pepsamar. The hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing its acidity.[2] This decrease of acidity of the contents of the stomach may in turn help to relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia. It can also cause constipation and is therefore often used with magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects. This compound is also used to control phosphate (phosphorus) levels in the blood of people suffering from kidney failure.
Aluminium hydroxide, alum, is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g., Alhydrogel, Anthrax vaccine), since it appears to contribute to induction of a good antibody (Th2) response. Its pharmacological action is not known. However, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens.[3]
Because the brain lesions found in Alzheimer's disease sometimes contain traces of aluminium, there is concern that consumption of excess aluminium compounds may cause or contribute to the development of this and other neurodegenerative diseases.[4][5] However, multiple epidemiological studies have found no connection between exposure to aluminium and neurological disorders.[6][7][8]
In addition, elevated aluminium levels in blood, resulting from kidney dialysis with well water containing high aluminium, may result in dementia that is similar to but probably different from that of Alzheimer's disease.[9]. However, this hypothesis is controversial.
In 2007, tests with mice of the anthrax vaccine using aluminium hydroxide adjuvant were reported as resulting in adverse neuropathy symptoms.[10]
Use as a fire retardant
Aluminium hydroxide also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications in a similar way to magnesium hydroxide and hydromagnesite. It decomposes at about 180–200 °C giving off water vapour.
References
- ↑ Wells, A. F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed.; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1984. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
- ↑ Galbraith, A.; Bullock, S.; Manias, E.; Hunt, B.; Richards, A. Fundamentals of pharmacology: a text for nurses and health professionals; Pearson: Harlow, 1999; p 482.
- ↑ Petrovsky, N.; Aguilar, J. C. Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends. Immunol Cell Biol. 2004, 82 (5), 488–96. DOI: 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x.
- ↑ Perl, D. P.; Moalem, S. Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease, a personal perspective after 25 years. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2006, 9 (3 Suppl), 291–300. PMID 17004365, <http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1387-2877&volume=9&issue=3&spage=291>.
- ↑ Kawahara, M. Effects of aluminum on the nervous system and its possible link with neurodegenerative diseases. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2005, 8 (2), 171–82; discussion 209–15. PMID 16308486, <http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1387-2877&volume=8&issue=2&spage=171>.
- ↑ Rondeau, V. A review of epidemiologic studies on aluminum and silica in relation to Alzheimer's disease and associated disorders. Rev. Environ. Health 2002, 17 (2), 107–21. PMID 12222737.
- ↑ Martyn, C. N.; Coggon, D. N.; Inskip, H.; Lacey, R. F.; Young, W. F. Aluminum concentrations in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology 1997, 8 (3), 281–86. PMID 9115023. DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199705000-00009.
- ↑ Graves, A. B.; Rosner, D.; Echeverria, D.; Mortimer, J. A.; Larson, E. B. Occupational exposures to solvents and aluminium and estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease. Occup. Environ. Med. 1998, 55 (9), 627–33. PMID 9861186. DOI: 10.1136/oem.55.9.627.
- ↑ Carpenter, D. O. Effects of metals on the nervous system of humans and animals. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2001, 14 (3), 209–18. PMID 11764847.
- ↑ Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice. Neuromol. Med. 2007, 9 (9), 83–100. DOI: 10.1385/NMM:9:1:83.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0373
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0024
- IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 194: Aluminium
- NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank entry for Aluminum compounds
- FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) monograph: Aluminium (WHO Food Additives Series 24)
- IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 192: Flame Retardants: A General Introduction
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