Difference between revisions of "Harold Ellingham"
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Ellingham studied at the [[Royal College of Science]] from 1914 to 1916.<ref group=note>Although the [[Royal College of Science]] had been formally merged with the [[Royal School of Mines]] and the [[City and Guilds Central Technical College]] in 1907 to form the [[Imperial College of Science and Technology]], it retained an independent identity as a constituent college until 2002.</ref> He became a demonstrator at the college in 1919 and reader in physical chemistry in 1937. He was secretary of the Royal College of Science 1940–44 and of the [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]] 1944–63. He was made a fellow of [[Imperial College]] in 1949 and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1962.<ref>{{citation | title = ELLINGHAM, Harold Johann Thomas (1897-1975) | url = http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=2625&inst_id=3&nv1=search&nv2= | publisher = AIM25 | accessdate = 2010-12-31}}.</ref> | Ellingham studied at the [[Royal College of Science]] from 1914 to 1916.<ref group=note>Although the [[Royal College of Science]] had been formally merged with the [[Royal School of Mines]] and the [[City and Guilds Central Technical College]] in 1907 to form the [[Imperial College of Science and Technology]], it retained an independent identity as a constituent college until 2002.</ref> He became a demonstrator at the college in 1919 and reader in physical chemistry in 1937. He was secretary of the Royal College of Science 1940–44 and of the [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]] 1944–63. He was made a fellow of [[Imperial College]] in 1949 and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1962.<ref>{{citation | title = ELLINGHAM, Harold Johann Thomas (1897-1975) | url = http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=2625&inst_id=3&nv1=search&nv2= | publisher = AIM25 | accessdate = 2010-12-31}}.</ref> | ||
| − | Ellingham is best known for his eponymous diagrams plotting the [[Gibbs energy]] change for the reaction :''x'' | + | Ellingham is best known for his eponymous diagrams plotting the [[Gibbs energy]] change for the reaction |
| − | against temperature. By normalizing the thermodynamic functions to the reaction with one mole of [[oxygen]], Ellingham was able to compare the temperature stability of many different [[oxide]]s on the same diagram. In particular, he could show graphically that [[carbon]] becomes a stronger reducing agent as the temperature increases.<ref name="G&E"/> | + | :{{frac|2''x''|''y''}} M + O<sub>2</sub> {{eqm}} {{nowrap|{{frac|2|''y''}} M<sub>''x''</sub>O<sub>''y''</sub>}} |
| + | against temperature. By normalizing the thermodynamic functions to the reaction with one mole of [[oxygen]], Ellingham was able to compare the temperature stability of many different [[oxide]]s on the same diagram. In particular, he could show graphically that [[carbon]] becomes a stronger reducing agent as the temperature increases.{{#tag:ref|This phenomenon was known before Ellingham's time, but Ellingham demonstrated it more clearly. The reason for the increase in reducing power with temperature is the positive entropy change for the reaction {{nowrap|2 C + O<sub>2</sub> {{eqm}}}} {{nowrap|2 CO}}, as opposed to the negative entropy changes for the formation of solid metal oxides.<ref name="G&E"/>|group=note}} The reduction of metal oxides with carbon (or [[carbon monoxide]]) to form the free metals is of immense industrial importance (e.g., the manufacture of [[iron]] in a [[blast furnace]]), and [[Ellingham diagram]]s show the lowest temparature at which the reaction will occur for each metal.<ref name="G&E"/> | ||
==Notes and references== | ==Notes and references== | ||
Revision as of 09:55, 31 December 2010
Harold Johann Thomas Ellingham, OBE, (1897–1975) was a British physical chemist, best known for his Ellingham diagrams, which summarize a large amount of information concerning extractive metallurgy.[1][2]
Ellingham studied at the Royal College of Science from 1914 to 1916.[note 1] He became a demonstrator at the college in 1919 and reader in physical chemistry in 1937. He was secretary of the Royal College of Science 1940–44 and of the Royal Institute of Chemistry 1944–63. He was made a fellow of Imperial College in 1949 and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1962.[3]
Ellingham is best known for his eponymous diagrams plotting the Gibbs energy change for the reaction
- 2x⁄y M + O2 ⇌ 2⁄y MxOy
against temperature. By normalizing the thermodynamic functions to the reaction with one mole of oxygen, Ellingham was able to compare the temperature stability of many different oxides on the same diagram. In particular, he could show graphically that carbon becomes a stronger reducing agent as the temperature increases.[note 2] The reduction of metal oxides with carbon (or carbon monoxide) to form the free metals is of immense industrial importance (e.g., the manufacture of iron in a blast furnace), and Ellingham diagrams show the lowest temparature at which the reaction will occur for each metal.[2]
Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ Although the Royal College of Science had been formally merged with the Royal School of Mines and the City and Guilds Central Technical College in 1907 to form the Imperial College of Science and Technology, it retained an independent identity as a constituent college until 2002.
- ↑ This phenomenon was known before Ellingham's time, but Ellingham demonstrated it more clearly. The reason for the increase in reducing power with temperature is the positive entropy change for the reaction 2 C + O2 ⇌ 2 CO, as opposed to the negative entropy changes for the formation of solid metal oxides.[2]
References
- ↑ Ellingham, H. J. T. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London) 1944, 63, 125.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 326–28. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
- ↑ ELLINGHAM, Harold Johann Thomas (1897-1975); AIM25, <http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=2625&inst_id=3&nv1=search&nv2=>. (accessed 31 December 2010).
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