Carbon

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boron ← carbon → nitrogen
—
↑
C
↓
Si
Atomic properties
Atomic number 6
Standard atomic weight 12.0107(8)
Electron configuration [He] 2s2 2p2
Physical properties[1][2][Note 2]
Melting point ca. 3800 °C (4100 K) at 9 kbar
Sublimation point ca. 3850 °C (4150 K)
Density 2.266 g cm−3 (20 °C)[Note 1]
Electric resistivity 40–500 µΩ cm (basal plane)
0.2–1.0 Ω cm (c-direction)
Chemical properties[2][3]
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling)
Solubility in water insoluble, unreactive
Ionization energies[4]
1st 11.260 296(12) eV
796.6930(12) kJ mol−1
2nd 24.383 eV
2352.6 kJ mol−1
3rd 47.887 eV
4620.4 kJ mol−1
4th 64.492 eV
6222.5 kJ mol−1
5th 392.077 eV
37 829.7 kJ mol−1
6th 489.981 eV
47 276.0 kJ mol−1
Total 1030.080 eV
99 387.6 kJ mol−1
Electron affinity[5]
1.262 119(20) eV
121.7760(19) kJ mol−1
Atomic radii[6][7]
Covalent radius 76 pm (sp3); 73 pm (sp2); 69 pm (sp)
Van der Waals radius 170 pm
Thermodynamic properties[8][Note 2]
Standard entropy 5.74(10) J K−1 mol−1
Enthalpy change of atomization 716.68(45) kJ mol−1
Entropy change of atomization 152.36(10) J K−1 mol−1
Miscellaneous
CAS number 7440-44-0
EC number 231-153-3
Where appropriate, and unless otherwise stated, data are given for 100 kPa (1 bar) and 298.15 K (25 °C).
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Carbon (symbol: C) is a chemical element.

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ This is an idealized value for the density of graphite: real samples have lower densities because of crystal defects.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 All values are for graphite.

References

  1. ↑ Carbon. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C>. (accessed 22 September 2010).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 296–378. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
  3. ↑ Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
  4. ↑ Moore, Charlotte E. Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra. Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.) 1970, 34, 1–22, <http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS34.pdf>.
  5. ↑ Scheer, Michael; Bilodeau, René C.; Brodie, Cicely. A.; Haugen, Harold K. Systematic study of the stable states of C−, Si−, Ge−, and Sn− via infrared laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 1998, 58 (4), 2844–56. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2844.
  6. ↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
  7. ↑ Bondi, A. van der Waals Volumes and Radii. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68 (3), 441–51. DOI: 10.1021/j100785a001.
  8. ↑ Cox, J. D.; Wagman, D. D.; Medvedev, V. A. CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics; Hemisphere: New York, 1989. ISBN 0891167587, <http://www.codata.org/resources/databases/key1.html>.

External links

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