Difference between revisions of "Thorium(IV) fluoride"
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| − | | Reference = | + | | Reference = <ref>{{citation | last1 = Benner | first1 = G. | last2 = Müller | first2 = B. G. | year = 1990 | title = Zur Kenntnis binärer Fluoride des ZrF<sub>4</sub>-Typs: HfF<sub>4</sub> und ThF<sub>4</sub> | journal = Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. | volume = 588 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–42 | doi = 10.1002/zaac.19905880105}}.</ref> |
| CrystalStruct = [[Zirconium tetrafluoride structure|Zirconium tetrafluoride]] | | CrystalStruct = [[Zirconium tetrafluoride structure|Zirconium tetrafluoride]] | ||
| SpaceGroup = P2/''c'' | | SpaceGroup = P2/''c'' | ||
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| − | '''Thorium(IV) fluoride''', ThF<sub>4</sub>, is the only known [[fluoride]] of [[thorium]].{{#tag:ref|Although thorium(III) fluoride (ThF<sub>3</sub>, CAS number 13842-84-7, standard InChIKey NFUSRTKFVSVVEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K) is sometimes mentioned, by analogy with [[zirconium(III) fluoride]], attempts to prepare it have been unsuccessful.<ref>{{citation | first = James C. | last = Warf | title = Attempted Preparation of Thorium(III) Fluoride | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year = 1952 | volume = 74 | issue = 7 | pages = 1864–65 | doi = 10.1021/ja01127a521}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | first1 = Paul | last1 = Ehrlich | first2 = Fritz | last2 = Plöger | first3 = Ernst | last3 = Koch | | first4 = Gustav | last4 = Kaupa | title = Über Zirkonium(III)-fluorid. Versuche zur Darstellung von Thorium(III)-fluorid | journal = Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. | volume = 333 | issue = 4–6 | pages = 209–15 | year = 1964 | doi = 10.1002/zaac.19643330407}}.</ref>|group=note}} | + | '''Thorium(IV) fluoride''', ThF<sub>4</sub>, is the only known [[fluoride]] of [[thorium]].<ref name="WFD">{{citation | last1 = Wickleder | first1 = Mathias S. | last2 = Fourest | first2 = Blandine | last3 = Dorhout | first3 = Peter K. | contribution = Thorium | title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements | editor1-first = Lester R. | editor1-last = Morss | editor2-first = Norman M. | editor2-last = Edelstein | editor3-first = Jean | editor3-last = Fuger | edition = 3rd | year = 2006 | volume = 1 | publisher = Springer | location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands | chapter = 3 | pages = 52–160 | url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf | doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3}}.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although thorium(III) fluoride (ThF<sub>3</sub>, CAS number 13842-84-7, standard InChIKey NFUSRTKFVSVVEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K) is sometimes mentioned, by analogy with [[zirconium(III) fluoride]], attempts to prepare it have been unsuccessful.<ref>{{citation | first = James C. | last = Warf | title = Attempted Preparation of Thorium(III) Fluoride | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year = 1952 | volume = 74 | issue = 7 | pages = 1864–65 | doi = 10.1021/ja01127a521}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | first1 = Paul | last1 = Ehrlich | first2 = Fritz | last2 = Plöger | first3 = Ernst | last3 = Koch | | first4 = Gustav | last4 = Kaupa | title = Über Zirkonium(III)-fluorid. Versuche zur Darstellung von Thorium(III)-fluorid | journal = Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. | volume = 333 | issue = 4–6 | pages = 209–15 | year = 1964 | doi = 10.1002/zaac.19643330407}}.</ref>|group=note}} A hydrated form is precipitated by the addition of fluoride to solutions of thorium salts,<ref>{{citation | last = Berzelius | first = J. J. | authorlink = Jöns Jacob Berzelius | year = 1829 | title = Undersökning af ett nytt mineral (Thorit), som innehåller en förut obekant jord | journal = K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. | volume = 9 | pages = 1–30}}; {{citation | title = Untersuchung eines neuen Minerals und einer darin enthaltenen zuvor unbekannten Erde | journal = Ann. Phys. Chem. | year = 1829 | volume = 92 | issue = 7 | pages = 385–415 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18290920702}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Chydenius | first = J. J. | title = Kemish undersökning af Thorjord ach Thorsalter | location = Helsingfors | year = 1861}}; {{citation | year = 1863 | title = Ueber die Thorerde und deren Verbindungen | Ann. Phys. (Berlin) | volume = 195 | issue = 5 | pages = 43–56 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18631950505}}.</ref> but this is very difficult to dehydrate without hydrolysis to the oxofluoride ThOF<sub>2</sub>.<ref name="WFD"/><ref>{{citation | last1 = Briggs | first1 = G. G. | last2 = Cavendish | first2 = J. H. | year = 1971 | title = Thorium Metal Production | id = AEC Report NLCO-1080 | publisher = National Lead Co. | location = Cincinnati, Ohio}}.</ref> The anhydrous compound can be prepared by the action of [[fluorine]] on thorium metal or [[thorium carbide]],<ref>{{citation | last1 = Moissan | first1 = Henri | authorlink1 = Henri Moissan | last2 = Étard | first2 = A. | year = 1896 | title = Sur les carbures d'yttrium et de thorium | journal = C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris | volume = 122 | pages = 573–77 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f575.image}}. {{citation | last1 = Moissan | first1 = H. | authorlink1 = Henri Moissan | last2 = Étard | first2 = A. | year = 1897 | title = Preparation et propriétés du carbure et de la fonte de thorium | journal = Ann. Chim. Phys., Ser. 7 | volume = 12 | pages = 427–32 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349121/f420.image.}}.</ref> or by the action of anhydrous [[hydrogen fluoride]] on various thorium compounds.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Lipkind | first1 = H. | last2 = Newton | first2 = A. S. | editor-last = Katzin | editor-first = L. I. | year = 1952 | title = Production and Separation of U<sup>233</sup>: Collected Papers | series = National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV | volume = 17B | id = Report TID–5223 | publisher = US Atomic Energy Commission | location = Oak Ridge, Tenn. | page = 398</ref><ref>{{last1 = Newton | first1 = A. S. | last2 = Lipkind | first2 = H. | last3 = Keller | first3 = W. H. | last4 = Iliff | first4 = J. E. | editor-last = Katzin | editor-first = L. I. | year = 1952 | title = Production and Separation of U<sup>233</sup>: Collected Papers | series = National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV | volume = 17B | id = Report TID–5223 | publisher = US Atomic Energy Commission | location = Oak Ridge, Tenn. | page = 419}}.</ref> [[Ammonium hydrogendifluoride]], NH<sub>4</sub>HF<sub>2</sub> will react with [[thorium dioxide]] to give the ternary fluoride NH<sub>4</sub>ThF<sub>5</sub>: this decomposes at 300 °C to give ThF<sub>4</sub>.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Asprey | first1 = L. B. | last2 = Haire | first2 = R. G. | year = 1973 | title = On the actinide tetrafluoride lattice parameters | journal = Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 1121–28 | doi = 10.1016/0020-1650(73)80017-0}}.</ref> |
==Notes and references== | ==Notes and references== | ||
Revision as of 18:31, 9 January 2011
| Thorium(IV) fluoride | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Thorium tetrafluoride |
| Identifiers | |
| InChI | InChI=1/4FH.Th/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 |
| InChIKey | MZQZQKZKTGRQCG-XBHQNQODAV |
| Standard InChI | InChI=1S/4FH.Th/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 |
| Standard InChIKey | MZQZQKZKTGRQCG-UHFFFAOYSA-J |
| CAS number | [] |
| EC number | |
| ChemSpider | |
| Properties[1] | |
| Chemical formula | ThF4 |
| Molar mass | 308.03 g mol−1 |
| Appearance | white solid |
| Density | 6.32 g cm−3 |
| Solubility in water | 0.017 g/100 g (25 °C) |
| Structure[2] | |
| Crystal structure | Zirconium tetrafluoride |
| Space group | P2/c |
| Lattice constant | a = 1304.9 pm, b = 1112.0 pm, c = 853.8 pm, α = 90°, β = 126.30°, γ = 90° |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Thorium(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) brimide Thorium(IV) iodide |
| Other cations | Protactinium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Hafnium(IV) fluoride |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Thorium(IV) fluoride, ThF4, is the only known fluoride of thorium.[3][note 1] A hydrated form is precipitated by the addition of fluoride to solutions of thorium salts,[6][7] but this is very difficult to dehydrate without hydrolysis to the oxofluoride ThOF2.[3][8] The anhydrous compound can be prepared by the action of fluorine on thorium metal or thorium carbide,[9] or by the action of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride on various thorium compounds.[10][11] Ammonium hydrogendifluoride, NH4HF2 will react with thorium dioxide to give the ternary fluoride NH4ThF5: this decomposes at 300 °C to give ThF4.[12]
Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ Although thorium(III) fluoride (ThF3, CAS number 13842-84-7, standard InChIKey NFUSRTKFVSVVEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K) is sometimes mentioned, by analogy with zirconium(III) fluoride, attempts to prepare it have been unsuccessful.[4][5]
References
- ↑ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd ed.; Weast, Robert C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1981; p B-157. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8.
- ↑ Benner, G.; Müller, B. G. Zur Kenntnis binärer Fluoride des ZrF4-Typs: HfF4 und ThF4. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1990, 588 (1), 33–42. DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19905880105.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. Thorium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 1, Chapter 3, pp 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf>.
- ↑ Warf, James C. Attempted Preparation of Thorium(III) Fluoride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74 (7), 1864–65. DOI: 10.1021/ja01127a521.
- ↑ Ehrlich, Paul; Plöger, Fritz; Koch, Ernst; Kaupa, Gustav Über Zirkonium(III)-fluorid. Versuche zur Darstellung von Thorium(III)-fluorid. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1964, 333 (4–6), 209–15. DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19643330407.
- ↑ Berzelius, J. J. Undersökning af ett nytt mineral (Thorit), som innehåller en förut obekant jord. K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 1829, 9, 1–30; Untersuchung eines neuen Minerals und einer darin enthaltenen zuvor unbekannten Erde. Ann. Phys. Chem. 1829, 92 (7), 385–415. DOI: 10.1002/andp.18290920702.
- ↑ Chydenius, J. J. Kemish undersökning af Thorjord ach Thorsalter; Helsingfors, 1861; Ueber die Thorerde und deren Verbindungen, 1863; Vol. 195, pp 43–56. DOI: 10.1002/andp.18631950505.
- ↑ Briggs, G. G.; Cavendish, J. H. Thorium Metal Production; National Lead Co.: Cincinnati, Ohio, 1971. AEC Report NLCO-1080.
- ↑ Moissan, Henri; Étard, A. Sur les carbures d'yttrium et de thorium. C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris 1896, 122, 573–77, <http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f575.image>. Moissan, H.; Étard, A. Preparation et propriétés du carbure et de la fonte de thorium. Ann. Chim. Phys., Ser. 7 1897, 12, 427–32, <http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349121/f420.image.>.
- ↑ {{citation | last1 = Lipkind | first1 = H. | last2 = Newton | first2 = A. S. | editor-last = Katzin | editor-first = L. I. | year = 1952 | title = Production and Separation of U233: Collected Papers | series = National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV | volume = 17B | id = Report TID–5223 | publisher = US Atomic Energy Commission | location = Oak Ridge, Tenn. | page = 398
- ↑ Template:Last1 = Newton.
- ↑ Asprey, L. B.; Haire, R. G. On the actinide tetrafluoride lattice parameters. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 1973, 9 (11), 1121–28. DOI: 10.1016/0020-1650(73)80017-0.
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