Difference between revisions of "Nobel Prize in Chemistry"

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The '''Nobel Prize in Chemistry''' is one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established in the will of [[Alfred Nobel]] (1833–96). It is awarded annually on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, by the King of Sweden on behalf of the [[Nobel Foundation]], which administers Nobel's estate. The laureate or laureates (maximum of three) are chosen by a committee named by [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]], and are announced on the first Wednesday in October. The Nobel Prize cannot be awarded posthumously.
 
The '''Nobel Prize in Chemistry''' is one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established in the will of [[Alfred Nobel]] (1833–96). It is awarded annually on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, by the King of Sweden on behalf of the [[Nobel Foundation]], which administers Nobel's estate. The laureate or laureates (maximum of three) are chosen by a committee named by [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]], and are announced on the first Wednesday in October. The Nobel Prize cannot be awarded posthumously.
  
−
Laureates receive a gold medal, a diploma and a monetary prize. In 2008, the amount of prize was 10 million Swedish kronor (about €1 million, or about US$1.4 million). When there are two or three laureates for a single year, each receives a medal and diploma but the prize money is shared, either in equal thirds or 50:25:25 in the case of three laureates.
+
Laureates receive a gold medal, a diploma and a monetary prize. In 2010, the amount of prize was 10&nbsp;million Swedish kronor (about €1&nbsp;million, or about US$1.4&nbsp;million).<ref>{{citation | webpage = The Nobel Prize Amounts | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts.html | publisher = Nobel Foundation | accessdate = 2011-03-28}}.</ref> When there are two or three laureates for a single year, each receives a medal and diploma but the prize money is shared, either in equal thirds or 50:25:25 in the case of three laureates.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
Line 14: Line 14:
 
| [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]]
 
| [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]]
 
| The Netherlands
 
| The Netherlands
−
| "[for his] discovery of the laws of [[Chemical kinetics|chemical dynamics]] and [[osmotic pressure]] in solutions"
+
| "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of [[Chemical kinetics|chemical dynamics]] and [[osmotic pressure]] in solutions"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 20: Line 20:
 
| [[Hermann Emil Fischer]]
 
| [[Hermann Emil Fischer]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "[for] his work on [[sugar]] and [[purine]] syntheses"
+
| "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on [[sugar]] and [[purine]] syntheses"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
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| [[Svante Arrhenius|Svante August Arrhenius]]
 
| [[Svante Arrhenius|Svante August Arrhenius]]
 
| Sweden
 
| Sweden
−
| "[for] his [[Electrolyte|electrolytic]] theory of [[dissociation]]"
+
| ""in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his [[Electrolyte|electrolytic]] theory of [[dissociation]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
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| [[William Ramsay|Sir William Ramsay]]
 
| [[William Ramsay|Sir William Ramsay]]
 
| {{nowrap|United Kingdom}}
 
| {{nowrap|United Kingdom}}
−
| "[for his] discovery of the [[Noble gases|inert gaseous elements in air]], and his determination of their place in the [[Periodic table|periodic system]]"
+
| "in recognition of his services in discovery of the [[Noble gases|inert gaseous elements in air]], and his determination of their place in the [[Periodic table|periodic system]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 38: Line 38:
 
| [[Adolf von Baeyer|Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]]
 
| [[Adolf von Baeyer|Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
+
| "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 44: Line 44:
 
| [[Henri Moissan]]
 
| [[Henri Moissan]]
 
| France
 
| France
−
| "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element [[fluorine]], and for [the] [[electric arc furnace|electric furnace]] called after him"
+
| "in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element [[fluorine]], and for the adoption in the service of science of the [[electric arc furnace|electric furnace]] called after him"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 62: Line 62:
 
| [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]
 
| [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "[for] his work on [[catalysis]] and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing [[Chemical equibrium|chemical equilibria]] and [[Chemical kinetics|rates of reaction]]"
+
| "in recognition of his work on [[catalysis]] and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing [[Chemical equibrium|chemical equilibria]] and [[Chemical kinetics|rates of reaction]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 68: Line 68:
 
| [[Otto Wallach]]
 
| [[Otto Wallach]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of [[alicyclic compound]]s"
+
| "in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of [[alicyclic compound]]s"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 74: Line 74:
 
| [[Marie Curie|Marie Curie, née Sklodowska]]
 
| [[Marie Curie|Marie Curie, née Sklodowska]]
 
| France
 
| France
−
| "[for] the discovery of the elements [[radium]] and [[polonium]], by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
+
| "in recognition of the discovery of the elements [[radium]] and [[polonium]], by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 80: Line 80:
 
| [[Victor Grignard]]
 
| [[Victor Grignard]]
 
| France
 
| France
−
| "for the discovery of the [...] [[Grignard reagent]]"
+
| "for the discovery of the so-called [[Grignard reagent]], which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]]
 
| [[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]]
 
| France
 
| France
−
| "for his method of [[Hydrogenation#History|hydrogenating]] organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"
+
| "for his method of [[hydrogenating]] organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years"
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1913
 
| 1913
 
| [[Alfred Werner]]
 
| [[Alfred Werner]]
 
| Switzerland
 
| Switzerland
−
| "[for] his work on the [[Octahedral molecular geometry|linkage of atoms in molecule]]s [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"
+
| "[for] his work on the [[Coordination compound|linkage of atoms in molecules]] [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 96: Line 96:
 
| [[Theodore William Richards]]
 
| [[Theodore William Richards]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "[for] his accurate determinations of the [[Theodore_William_Richards#Science_research|atomic weight]] of a large number of chemical elements"
+
| "[for] his accurate determinations of the [[atomic weight]] of a large number of [[chemical element]]s"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 114: Line 114:
 
| [[Fritz Haber]]
 
| [[Fritz Haber]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "for the [[Haber process|synthesis of ammonia]] from its elements"
+
| "for the [[Haber process|synthesis]] of [[ammonia]] from its elements"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 123: Line 123:
 
| [[Walther Nernst|Walther Hermann Nernst]]
 
| [[Walther Nernst|Walther Hermann Nernst]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "[for] his work in [[Third law of thermodynamics#History|thermochemistry]]"
+
| "[for] his work in [[thermochemistry]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
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| [[Frederick Soddy]]
 
| [[Frederick Soddy]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of [[Isotope#History of the term|isotopes]]"
+
| "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of [[Radioactivity|radioactive]] substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of [[isotope]]s"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 135: Line 135:
 
| [[Francis William Aston]]
 
| [[Francis William Aston]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of [[Stable isotope|isotopes]], in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the [[Whole number rule|whole-number rule]]"
+
| "for his discovery, by means of his [[Mass spectometer|mass spectrograph]], of [[isotope]]s, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the [[Whole number rule|whole-number rule]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 141: Line 141:
 
| [[Fritz Pregl]]
 
| [[Fritz Pregl]]
 
| Austria
 
| Austria
−
| "for his invention of the method of [[microanalysis|micro-analysis]] of organic substances"
+
| "for his invention of the method of [[Microanalysis|micro-analysis]] of organic substances"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 156: Line 156:
 
| [[Theodor Svedberg|The (Theodor) Svedberg]]
 
| [[Theodor Svedberg|The (Theodor) Svedberg]]
 
| Sweden
 
| Sweden
−
| "for [[Ultracentrifuge|his work on disperse systems]]"
+
| "for his work on disperse systems"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 174: Line 174:
 
| [[Arthur Harden]]
 
| [[Arthur Harden]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and [[zymase|fermentative enzyme]]s"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their investigations on the [[fermentation]] of sugar and [[zymase|fermentative enzyme]]s"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 189: Line 189:
 
| [[Carl Bosch]]
 
| [[Carl Bosch]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| rowspan=2 | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of [[Bergius process and Haber-Bosch process|chemical high pressure methods]]"
+
| rowspan=2 | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 207: Line 207:
 
| [[Harold Urey|Harold Clayton Urey]]
 
| [[Harold Urey|Harold Clayton Urey]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for his discovery of [[deuterium|heavy hydrogen]]"
+
| "for his discovery of [[Deuterium|heavy hydrogen]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 213: Line 213:
 
| [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Frédéric Joliot]]
 
| [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Frédéric Joliot]]
 
| France
 
| France
−
| rowspan=2 | "[for] their [[Irene_Joliot-Curie#Research|synthesis of new radioactive elements]]"
+
| rowspan=2 | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 222: Line 222:
 
| [[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]
 
| [[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]
 
| The Netherlands
 
| The Netherlands
−
| "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on [[Debye relaxation|dipole moments]] and the [[Debye-Waller factor|diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases]]"
+
| "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on [[Debye relaxation|dipole moments]] and the [[Debye–Waller factor|diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 228: Line 228:
 
| [[Walter Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth]]
 
| [[Walter Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| "for his investigations on carbohydrates and [[Vitamin C#Discovery of ascorbic acid|vitamin C]]"
+
| "for his investigations on [[carbohydrate]]s and [[vitamin C]]"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Paul Karrer]]
 
| [[Paul Karrer]]
 
| Switzerland
 
| Switzerland
−
| "for his investigations on [[carotenoid]]s, [[Flavin group|flavins]] and vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[Riboflavin|B2]]"
+
| "for his investigations on [[carotenoid]]s, [[flavin]]s and vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[Riboflavin|B2]]"
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1938
 
| 1938
Line 263: Line 263:
 
| [[George de Hevesy]]
 
| [[George de Hevesy]]
 
| Hungary
 
| Hungary
−
| "for his work on the use of isotopes as [[radioactive tracer|tracers]] in the study of chemical processes"
+
| "for his work on the use of isotopes as [[Radioactive tracer|tracers]] in the study of chemical processes"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
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| [[Otto Hahn]]
 
| [[Otto Hahn]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "for his discovery of the [[nuclear fission|fission]] of heavy nuclei"
+
| "for his discovery of the [[Nuclear fission|fission]] of heavy nuclei"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 281: Line 281:
 
| [[James B. Sumner|James Batcheller Sumner]]
 
| [[James B. Sumner|James Batcheller Sumner]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for his discovery that [[Enzyme#History|enzyme]]s can be crystallized"
+
| "for his discovery that [[enzyme]]s can be crystallized"
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html]
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[John Howard Northrop]]
 
| [[John Howard Northrop]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their preparation of enzymes and [[Virus#History|virus proteins]] in a pure form"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their preparation of [[enzyme]]s and [[virus]] [[protein]]s in a pure form"
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]
 
| [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]
Line 294: Line 294:
 
| [[Robert Robinson (scientist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]
 
| [[Robert Robinson (scientist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| "for his investigations on [[Tropinone|plant products of biological importance]], especially the alkaloids"
+
| "for his investigations on [[Tropinone|plant products of biological importance]], especially the [[alkaloid]]s"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 312: Line 312:
 
| [[Otto Diels|Otto Paul Hermann Diels]]
 
| [[Otto Diels|Otto Paul Hermann Diels]]
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their discovery and development of the [[Diels-Alder reaction|diene synthesis]]"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their discovery and development of the [[Diels–Alder reaction|diene synthesis]]"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 339: Line 339:
 
| [[Hermann Staudinger]]
 
| [[Hermann Staudinger]]
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
−
| "for his discoveries in the field of [[Polymer chemistry#History|macromolecular chemistry]]"
+
| "for his discoveries in the field of [[macromolecular chemistry]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 372: Line 372:
 
| [[Frederick Sanger]]
 
| [[Frederick Sanger]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| "for his work on [[Insulin#Nobel prizes|the structure of proteins]], especially that of insulin"
+
| "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of [[insulin]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 378: Line 378:
 
| [[Jaroslav Heyrovský]]
 
| [[Jaroslav Heyrovský]]
 
| Czechoslovakia
 
| Czechoslovakia
−
| "for his discovery and development of the [[polarography|polarographic]] methods of analysis"
+
| "for his discovery and development of the [[Polarography|polarographic]] methods of analysis"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 384: Line 384:
 
| [[Willard Libby|Willard Frank Libby]]
 
| [[Willard Libby|Willard Frank Libby]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for his method to use carbon-14 for [[Carbon dating|age determination]] in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
+
| "for his method to use [[carbon-14]] for [[Carbon dating|age determination]] in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 405: Line 405:
 
| [[Karl Ziegler]]
 
| [[Karl Ziegler]]
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
−
| rowspan=2 | "for [[Ziegler-Natta catalyst|their discoveries]] in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for [[Ziegler–Natta catalyst|their discoveries]] in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 414: Line 414:
 
| [[Dorothy Hodgkin|Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]
 
| [[Dorothy Hodgkin|Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| "for her [[X-ray crystallography#Early organic and small biological molecules|determinations by X-ray techniques]] of the structures of important biochemical substances"
+
| "for her determinations by [[X-ray crystallography|X-ray techniques]] of the structures of important biochemical substances"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 420: Line 420:
 
| [[Robert Burns Woodward]]
 
| [[Robert Burns Woodward]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for his [[Robert Burns Woodward#Organic syntheses and Nobel Prize|outstanding achievements]] in the art of organic synthesis"
+
| "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 432: Line 432:
 
| [[Manfred Eigen]]
 
| [[Manfred Eigen]]
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
−
| rowspan=3 | "for their [[Flash photolysis|studies of extremely fast chemical reactions]], effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
+
| rowspan=3 | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by [[Flash photolysis|disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy]]"
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html]
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 444: Line 444:
 
| [[Lars Onsager]]
 
| [[Lars Onsager]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for the discovery of the [[Onsager reciprocal relations|reciprocal relations]] bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
+
| "for the discovery of the [[Onsager reciprocal relations|reciprocal relations bearing his name]], which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 450: Line 450:
 
| [[Derek Barton|Derek H. R. Barton]]
 
| [[Derek Barton|Derek H. R. Barton]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of [[conformational isomerism|conformation]] and its application in chemistry"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of [[Conformational isomerism|conformation]] and its application in chemistry"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 459: Line 459:
 
| [[Luis Federico Leloir|Luis F. Leloir]]
 
| [[Luis Federico Leloir|Luis F. Leloir]]
 
| Argentina
 
| Argentina
−
| "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the [[Luis_Federico Leloir#Sugar nucleotides|biosynthesis of carbohydrates]]"
+
| "for his discovery of sugar [[nucleotide]]s and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 465: Line 465:
 
| [[Gerhard Herzberg]]
 
| [[Gerhard Herzberg]]
 
| Canada
 
| Canada
−
| "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]]"
+
| "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly [[Radical|free radicals]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 484: Line 484:
 
| [[Ernst Otto Fischer]]
 
| [[Ernst Otto Fischer]]
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
 
| Federal Republic of Germany
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the [[Organometallic chemistry|organometallic]], so called sandwich compounds"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the [[Organometallic chemistry|organometallic]], so called [[sandwich compound]]s"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 493: Line 493:
 
| [[Paul Flory|Paul J. Flory]]
 
| [[Paul Flory|Paul J. Flory]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of [[Polymer#Historical development|macromolecule]]s"
+
| "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of [[macromolecule]]s"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 504: Line 504:
 
| [[Vladimir Prelog]]
 
| [[Vladimir Prelog]]
 
| Switzerland
 
| Switzerland
−
| "for his research into the [[chirality (chemistry)|stereochemistry]] of organic molecules and reactions"
+
| "for his research into the [[stereochemistry]] of organic molecules and reactions"
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1976
 
| 1976
Line 515: Line 515:
 
| [[Ilya Prigogine]]
 
| [[Ilya Prigogine]]
 
| Belgium
 
| Belgium
−
| "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of [[Dissipative_structures#Overview|dissipative structures]]"
+
| "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of [[dissipative structures]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 521: Line 521:
 
| [[Peter D. Mitchell]]
 
| [[Peter D. Mitchell]]
 
| United Kingdom
 
| United Kingdom
−
| "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the [[chemiosmosis|chemiosmotic theory]]"
+
| "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the [[Chemiosmosis|chemiosmotic theory]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 527: Line 527:
 
| [[Herbert C. Brown]]
 
| [[Herbert C. Brown]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their development of the use of [[Organoborane#Synthesis|boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds]], respectively, into [[Wittig reaction|important reagents in organic synthesis]]"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 576: Line 576:
 
| [[Herbert A. Hauptman]]
 
| [[Herbert A. Hauptman]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their outstanding achievements in developing [[Hauptman-Karle method|direct methods]] for the determination of crystal structures"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their outstanding achievements in developing [[Hauptman–Karle method|direct methods]] for the determination of crystal structures"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 585: Line 585:
 
| [[Dudley R. Herschbach]]
 
| [[Dudley R. Herschbach]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| rowspan=3 | "for [[crossed molecular beams|their contributions]] concerning the [[infrared chemiluminescence|dynamics of chemical elementary processes]]"
+
| rowspan=3 | "for [[crossed molecular beams|their contributions]] concerning the [[Infrared chemiluminescence|dynamics of chemical elementary processes]]"
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html]
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 636: Line 636:
 
| [[Richard R. Ernst]]
 
| [[Richard R. Ernst]]
 
| Switzerland
 
| Switzerland
−
| "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of [[Nuclear_magnetic_resonance#Fourier_spectroscopy|high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy]]"
+
| "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy]]"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 701: Line 701:
 
| [[Walter Kohn]]
 
| [[Walter Kohn]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for his development of the [[density functional theory|density-functional theory]]"
+
| "for his development of the [[Density functional theory|density-functional theory]]"
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html]
 
| rowspan=2 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 729: Line 729:
 
| [[William Standish Knowles|William S. Knowles]]
 
| [[William Standish Knowles|William S. Knowles]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| rowspan=2 | "for their work on [[Asymmetric synthesis#Asymmetric catalysis|chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions]]"
+
| rowspan=2 | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html]
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 760: Line 760:
 
| [[Roderick MacKinnon]]
 
| [[Roderick MacKinnon]]
 
| United States
 
| United States
−
| "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic [[Potassium channel#Structure|studies of ion channels]]"
+
| "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan=3 | 2004
 
| rowspan=3 | 2004
 
| [[Aaron Ciechanover]]
 
| [[Aaron Ciechanover]]
 
| Israel
 
| Israel
−
| rowspan=3 | "for the discovery of [[Ubiquitin#Identification|ubiquitin]]-mediated protein degradation"
+
| rowspan=3 | "for the discovery of [[ubiquitin]]-mediated protein degradation"
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html]
 
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 795: Line 795:
 
| [[Gerhard Ertl]]
 
| [[Gerhard Ertl]]
 
| Germany
 
| Germany
−
| "for [[Gerhard_Ertl#Research|his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces]]"
+
| "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html]
 
| [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html]
 
|-
 
|-
Line 821: Line 821:
 
| [[Ada Yonath|Ada E. Yonath]]
 
| [[Ada Yonath|Ada E. Yonath]]
 
| Israel
 
| Israel
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan=3 | 2010
 +
| [[Richard F. Heck]]
 +
| United States
 +
| rowspan=3 | "for [[palladium]]-catalyzed cross couplings in [[organic synthesis]]"
 +
| rowspan=3 | [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/index.html]
 +
|-
 +
| [[Ei-ichi Nigishi]]
 +
| United States
 +
|-
 +
| [[Akira Suzuki]]
 +
| Japan
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 826: Line 838:
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
 +
 +
==External links==
 +
{{wikipedia|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}}
 +
{{commons|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}}
 +
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/ Official site]
  
 
[[Category:Chemistry awards]]
 
[[Category:Chemistry awards]]
 +
[[Category:Nobel Prize|Chemistry]]
 +
[[Category:Nobel laureates in chemistry|*]]
  
 
{{CC-BY-3.0}}
 
{{CC-BY-3.0}}

Latest revision as of 07:13, 28 March 2011

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is one of the five Nobel Prizes established in the will of Alfred Nobel (1833–96). It is awarded annually on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, by the King of Sweden on behalf of the Nobel Foundation, which administers Nobel's estate. The laureate or laureates (maximum of three) are chosen by a committee named by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and are announced on the first Wednesday in October. The Nobel Prize cannot be awarded posthumously.

Laureates receive a gold medal, a diploma and a monetary prize. In 2010, the amount of prize was 10 million Swedish kronor (about €1 million, or about US$1.4 million).[1] When there are two or three laureates for a single year, each receives a medal and diploma but the prize money is shared, either in equal thirds or 50:25:25 in the case of three laureates.

Year Laureate Country Citation Link
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff The Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" [1]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer Germany "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses" [2]
1903 Svante August Arrhenius Sweden ""in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation" [3]
1904 Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom "in recognition of his services in discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" [4]
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" [5]
1906 Henri Moissan France "in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him" [6]
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" [7]
1908 Ernest Rutherford United Kingdom
New Zealand 		"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" [8]
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany "in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" [9]
1910 Otto Wallach Germany "in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" [10]
1911 Marie Curie, née Sklodowska France "in recognition of the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" [11]
1912 Victor Grignard France "for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry" [12]
Paul Sabatier France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years"
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" [13]
1914 Theodore William Richards United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" [14]
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" [15]
1916 Not awarded
1917 Not awarded
1918 Fritz Haber Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" [16]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry" [17]
1921 Frederick Soddy United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" [18]
1922 Francis William Aston United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" [19]
1923 Fritz Pregl Austria "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" [20]
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Germany
Hungary 		"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" [21]
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg Sweden "for his work on disperse systems" [22]
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" [23]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" [24]
1929 Arthur Harden United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" [25]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Germany
1930 Hans Fischer Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" [26]
1931 Carl Bosch Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" [27]
Friedrich Bergius Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" [28]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" [29]
1935 Frédéric Joliot France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" [30]
Irene Joliot-Curie France
1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye The Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" [31]
1937 Walter Norman Haworth United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" [32]
Paul Karrer Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" [33]
1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt Germany "for his work on sex hormones" [34]
Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 George de Hevesy Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" [35]
1944 Otto Hahn Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" [36]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" [37]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" [38]
John Howard Northrop United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
Wendell Meredith Stanley United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" [39]
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" [40]
1949 William Francis Giauque United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" [41]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels Federal Republic of Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" [42]
Kurt Alder Federal Republic of Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [43]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography" [44]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger Federal Republic of Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" [45]
1954 Linus Carl Pauling United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" [46]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" [47]
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" [48]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov USSR
1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" [49]
1958 Frederick Sanger United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" [50]
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" [51]
1960 Willard Frank Libby United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" [52]
1961 Melvin Calvin United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" [53]
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" [54]
John Cowdery Kendrew United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" [55]
Giulio Natta Italy
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" [56]
1965 Robert Burns Woodward United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" [57]
1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" [58]
1967 Manfred Eigen Federal Republic of Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" [59]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish United Kingdom
George Porter United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager United States "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" [60]
1969 Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" [61]
Odd Hassel Norway
1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" [62]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" [63]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" [64]
Stanford Moore United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
William H. Stein United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer Federal Republic of Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" [65]
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" [66]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" [67]
Vladimir Prelog Switzerland "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976 William N. Lipscomb United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" [68]
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" [69]
1978 Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" [70]
1979 Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" [71]
Georg Wittig Federal Republic of Germany
1980 Paul Berg United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" [72]
Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" [73]
Roald Hoffmann United States
1982 Aaron Klug United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" [74]
1983 Henry Taube United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" [75]
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" [76]
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" [77]
Jerome Karle United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" [78]
Yuan T. Lee United States
John C. Polanyi Canada
Hungary
1987 Donald J. Cram United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [79]
Jean-Marie Lehn France
Charles J. Pedersen United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer Federal Republic of Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [80]
Robert Huber Federal Republic of Germany
Hartmut Michel Federal Republic of Germany
1989 Sidney Altman Canada
United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [81]
Thomas R. Cech United States
1990 Elias James Corey United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" [82]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [83]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" [84]
1993 Kary B. Mullis United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" [85]
Michael Smith Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
1994 George A. Olah United States
Hungary 		"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" [86]
1995 Paul J. Crutzen The Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" [87]
Mario J. Molina United States
F. Sherwood Rowland United States
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. United States "for their discovery of fullerenes" [88]
Sir Harold W. Kroto United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" [89]
John E. Walker United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
1998 Walter Kohn United States "for his development of the density-functional theory" [90]
John A. Pople United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt
United States 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" [91]
2000 Alan J. Heeger United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" [92]
Alan G MacDiarmid United States
New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
2001 William S. Knowles United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" [93]
Ryoji Noyori Japan
K. Barry Sharpless United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2002 John B. Fenn United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" [94]
Koichi Tanaka Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
2003 Peter Agre United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" [95]
Roderick MacKinnon United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2004 Aaron Ciechanover Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" [96]
Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose United States
2005 Yves Chauvin France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" [97]
Robert H. Grubbs United States
Richard R. Schrock United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [98]
2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [99]
2008 Osamu Shimomura United States "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [100]
Martin Chalfie United States
Roger Y. Tsien United States
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan United Kingdom "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [101]
Thomas A. Steitz United States
Ada E. Yonath Israel
2010 Richard F. Heck United States "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [102]
Ei-ichi Nigishi United States
Akira Suzuki Japan

References

  1. ↑ The Nobel Prize Amounts, <http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts.html> (accessed 28 March 2011), Nobel Foundation.

External links

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