Difference between revisions of "Sulfur dichloride"
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}} | }} | ||
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | ||
| − | | Reference = | + | | Reference = <ref name="G&E">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=815–16, 820}}.</ref> |
| Formula = SCl<sub>2</sub> | | Formula = SCl<sub>2</sub> | ||
| MolarMass = 102.97 g mol<sup>−1</sup> | | MolarMass = 102.97 g mol<sup>−1</sup> | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| Density = 1.621 g cm<sup>−3</sup> | | Density = 1.621 g cm<sup>−3</sup> | ||
| MeltingPt = −122 °C | | MeltingPt = −122 °C | ||
| − | | BoilingPt = | + | | BoilingPt = 59 °C ''decomp.'' |
| Solubility = reacts violently | | Solubility = reacts violently | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | ||
| + | | Reference = <ref name="G&E"/> | ||
| + | | MolShape = bent; S–Cl = 201 pm, Cl–S–Cl = 103° | ||
| + | | SpaceGroup = | ||
| + | | Coordination = | ||
| + | | LattConst_a = | ||
| + | | LattConst_c = | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry | | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry | ||
| Line 25: | Line 33: | ||
| DeltaHf = −49.79 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | | DeltaHf = −49.79 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | ||
| Entropy = 183.68 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> | | Entropy = 183.68 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | ||
| + | | Reference = <ref>{{CLP Regulation|index=016-013-00-X|page=399}}</ref> | ||
| + | | ExternalMSDS = {{ICSC-small|1661}} | ||
| + | | EUIndex = 016-013-00-X | ||
| + | | GHSPictograms = {{GHS05|Skin Corr. 1B}}{{GHS07|STOT SE 3}}{{GHS09|Aquatic Acute 1}} | ||
| + | | GHSSignalWord = DANGER | ||
| + | | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|314|335|400}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related | | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | ||
| − | | OtherFunctn = [[Disulfur dichloride]]<br/>[[Sulfur tetrachloride]] | + | | OtherCations = [[Tellurium dichloride]]<br/>[[Polonium dichloride]] |
| + | | OtherAnions = [[Sulfur difluoride]]<br/>[[Sulfur dibromide]]<br/>[[Sulfur diiodide]] | ||
| + | | OtherFunctn = [[Disulfur dichloride]]<br/>[[Sulfur tetrachloride]]<br/>[[Thionyl chloride]]<br/>[[Sulfuryl chloride]] | ||
| Function = [[chlorides of sulfur]] | | Function = [[chlorides of sulfur]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Sulfur dichloride''', SCl<sub>2</sub>, is the highest thermally stable [[chloride]] of [[sulfur]]. | + | '''Sulfur dichloride''', SCl<sub>2</sub>, is the highest thermally stable [[chloride]] of [[sulfur]]. It is also the first in a homologous series of dichlorosulfanes, S<sub>''n''</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. |
| + | |||
| + | ==Preparation and purification== | ||
| + | Sulfur dichloride is prepared by the chlorination of elemental sulfur, with [[disulfur dichloride]] as an intermediate. | ||
| + | :S<sub>8</sub> + 4 Cl<sub>2</sub> → 4 S<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | :S<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> + Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2 SCl<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | Sulfur dichloride is often contaminated with S<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, but can be stabilized with a small amount of [[phosphorus pentachloride]].<ref name="G&E"/> It is purified by distillation, often as an [[azeotrope]] with [[phosphorus trichloride]] (99% SCl<sub>2</sub>).<ref name="Bishop">{{OrgSynth | last = Bishop | first = Roger | title = 9-Thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione | volume = 70 | pages = 120 | collvol = 9 | collvolpages = 692 | year = 1992 | prep = cv9p0692}}.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Reactions== | ||
| + | Sulfur dichloride is used as a precursor to [[organosulfur compound]]s, as it adds easily to C=C double bonds:<ref name="Bishop"/> a well-known example is in the manufacture of [[mustard gas]] from SCl<sub>2</sub> and [[ethylene]].<ref name="G&E"/> | ||
| + | :SCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>C=CH<sub>2</sub> → ClCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>SCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Cl | ||
| + | It is also used in the industrial preparation of [[thionyl chloride]].<ref name="G&E"/> | ||
| + | :SCl<sub>2</sub> + SO<sub>3</sub> → SOCl<sub>2</sub> + SO<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Fluorination of SCl<sub>2</sub> with [[sodium fluoride]] leads to [[disproportionation]], and provides a convenient synthesis of [[sulfur tetrafluoride]], a versatile [[fluorinating agent]].<ref>{{citation | first1 = C. W. | last1 = Tullock | first2 = F. S. | last2 = Fawcett | first3 = W. C. | last3 = Smith | first4 = D. D. | last4 = Coffman | title = The Chemistry of Sulfur Tetrafluoride. I. The Synthesis of Sulfur Tetrafluoride | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 539–42 | year = 1960 | doi = 10.1021/ja01488a011}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | inventor1-last = Tullock | inventor1-first = Charles W. | assignee = Du Pont | title = Synthesis of sulfur tetrafluoride | country-code = US | patent-number = 2992073 | issue-date = 1961-07-11}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Fawcett | first1 = F. S. | last2 = Tullock | first2 = C. W. | journal = Inorg. Synth. | volume = 7 | pages = 119 | year = 1963}}.</ref> | ||
| + | :3 SCl<sub>2</sub> + 4 NaF → SF<sub>4</sub> + S<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> + 4 NaCl | ||
| + | |||
| + | The reaction of sulfur dichloride with water is vigorous, and leads to extensive disproportionation and a variety of products.<ref name="G&E"/> | ||
==Notes and references== | ==Notes and references== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 78: | ||
{{wikipedia|Sulfur dichloride}} | {{wikipedia|Sulfur dichloride}} | ||
*[http://www.webelements.com/compounds/sulfur/sulphur_dichloride.html WebElements] | *[http://www.webelements.com/compounds/sulfur/sulphur_dichloride.html WebElements] | ||
| + | *{{OrgSynth preps|id=35214|name=sulfur dichloride}} | ||
[[Category:Sulfur compounds]] | [[Category:Sulfur compounds]] | ||
[[Category:Chlorides]] | [[Category:Chlorides]] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Nonmetal halides]] |
{{CC-BY-3.0}} | {{CC-BY-3.0}} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:23, 17 September 2010
| Sulfur dichloride | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name | sulfur dichloride |
| Other names | dichlorosulfane |
| Identifiers | |
| InChI | InChI=1/Cl2S/c1-3-2 |
| InChIKey | FWMUJAIKEJWSSY-UHFFFAOYAS |
| Standard InChI | InChI=1S/Cl2S/c1-3-2 |
| Standard InChIKey | FWMUJAIKEJWSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| CAS number | [] |
| EC number | |
| ChemSpider | |
| Properties[1] | |
| Chemical formula | SCl2 |
| Molar mass | 102.97 g mol−1 |
| Appearance | red liquid |
| Density | 1.621 g cm−3 |
| Melting point |
−122 °C |
| Boiling point |
59 °C decomp. |
| Solubility in water | reacts violently |
| Structure[1] | |
| Molecular geometry | bent; S–Cl = 201 pm, Cl–S–Cl = 103° |
| Thermochemistry[2] | |
| Std enthalpy of formation ΔfH |
−49.79 kJ mol−1 |
| Standard molar entropy S |
183.68 J K−1 mol−1 |
| Hazards[3] | |
| Material safety data sheet (MSDS) | ICSC |
| EU index number | 016-013-00-X |
| GHS pictograms |   
|
| GHS signal word | DANGER |
| GHS hazard statements | H314, H335, H400 |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Sulfur difluoride Sulfur dibromide Sulfur diiodide |
| Other cations | Tellurium dichloride Polonium dichloride |
| Other chlorides of sulfur | Disulfur dichloride Sulfur tetrachloride Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Sulfur dichloride, SCl2, is the highest thermally stable chloride of sulfur. It is also the first in a homologous series of dichlorosulfanes, SnCl2.
Contents
Preparation and purification
Sulfur dichloride is prepared by the chlorination of elemental sulfur, with disulfur dichloride as an intermediate.
- S8 + 4 Cl2 → 4 S2Cl2
- S2Cl2 + Cl2 → 2 SCl2
Sulfur dichloride is often contaminated with S2Cl2, but can be stabilized with a small amount of phosphorus pentachloride.[1] It is purified by distillation, often as an azeotrope with phosphorus trichloride (99% SCl2).[4]
Reactions
Sulfur dichloride is used as a precursor to organosulfur compounds, as it adds easily to C=C double bonds:[4] a well-known example is in the manufacture of mustard gas from SCl2 and ethylene.[1]
- SCl2 + 2 H2C=CH2 → ClCH2CH2SCH2CH2Cl
It is also used in the industrial preparation of thionyl chloride.[1]
- SCl2 + SO3 → SOCl2 + SO2
Fluorination of SCl2 with sodium fluoride leads to disproportionation, and provides a convenient synthesis of sulfur tetrafluoride, a versatile fluorinating agent.[5][6][7]
- 3 SCl2 + 4 NaF → SF4 + S2Cl2 + 4 NaCl
The reaction of sulfur dichloride with water is vigorous, and leads to extensive disproportionation and a variety of products.[1]
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 815–16, 820. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
- ↑ Sulfur dichloride. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3DInChI=1S/Cl2S/c1-3-2>. (accessed 17 September 2010).
- ↑ Index no. 016-013-00-X of Annex VI, Part 3, to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEU L353, 31.12.2008, pp 1–1355 at p 399.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bishop, Roger 9-Thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione. Org. Synth. 1992, 70, 120, <http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep=cv9p0692>; Coll. Vol., 9, 692.
- ↑ Tullock, C. W.; Fawcett, F. S.; Smith, W. C.; Coffman, D. D. The Chemistry of Sulfur Tetrafluoride. I. The Synthesis of Sulfur Tetrafluoride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82 (3), 539–42. DOI: 10.1021/ja01488a011.
- ↑ Tullock, Charles W. (Du Pont) Synthesis of sulfur tetrafluoride. US Patent 2992073, issued 11 July 1961.
- ↑ Fawcett, F. S.; Tullock, C. W. Inorg. Synth. 1963, 7, 119.
External links
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See also the corresponding article on Wikipedia. |
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