Difference between revisions of "Thorium(IV) fluoride"

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'''Thorium(IV) fluoride''', ThF<sub>4</sub>, is the only known [[fluoride]] of [[thorium]].<ref name="WFD">{{citation | last1 = Wickleder | first1 = Mathias S. | last2 = Fourest | first2 = Blandine | last3 = Dorhout | first3 = Peter K. | contribution = Thorium | title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements | editor1-first = Lester R. | editor1-last = Morss | editor2-first = Norman M. | editor2-last = Edelstein | editor3-first = Jean | editor3-last = Fuger | edition = 3rd | year = 2006 | volume = 1 | publisher = Springer | location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands | chapter = 3 | pages = 52–160 | url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf | doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3}}.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although thorium(III) fluoride (ThF<sub>3</sub>, CAS number 13842-84-7, standard InChIKey NFUSRTKFVSVVEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K) is sometimes mentioned, by analogy with [[zirconium(III) fluoride]], attempts to prepare it have been unsuccessful.<ref>{{citation | first = James C. | last = Warf | title = Attempted Preparation of Thorium(III) Fluoride | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year = 1952 | volume = 74 | issue = 7 | pages = 1864–65 | doi = 10.1021/ja01127a521}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | first1 = Paul | last1 = Ehrlich | first2 = Fritz | last2 = Plöger | first3 = Ernst | last3 = Koch | | first4 = Gustav | last4 = Kaupa | title = Über Zirkonium(III)-fluorid. Versuche zur Darstellung von Thorium(III)-fluorid | journal = Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. | volume = 333 | issue = 4–6 | pages = 209–15 | year = 1964 | doi = 10.1002/zaac.19643330407}}.</ref>|group=note}} A hydrated form is precipitated by the addition of fluoride to solutions of thorium salts,<ref>{{citation | last = Berzelius | first = J. J. | authorlink = Jöns Jacob Berzelius | year = 1829 | title = Undersökning af ett nytt mineral (Thorit), som innehåller en förut obekant jord | journal = K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. | volume = 9 | pages = 1–30}}; {{citation | title = Untersuchung eines neuen Minerals und einer darin enthaltenen zuvor unbekannten Erde | journal = Ann. Phys. Chem. | year = 1829 | volume = 92 | issue = 7 | pages = 385–415 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18290920702}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Chydenius | first = J. J. | title = Kemish undersökning af Thorjord ach Thorsalter | location = Helsingfors | year = 1861}}; {{citation | year = 1863 | title = Ueber die Thorerde und deren Verbindungen | Ann. Phys. (Berlin) | volume = 195 | issue = 5 | pages = 43–56 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18631950505}}.</ref> but this is very difficult to dehydrate without hydrolysis to the oxofluoride ThOF<sub>2</sub>.<ref name="WFD"/><ref>{{citation | last1 = Briggs | first1 = G. G. | last2 = Cavendish | first2 = J. H. | year = 1971 | title = Thorium Metal Production | id = AEC Report NLCO-1080 | publisher = National Lead Co. | location = Cincinnati, Ohio}}.</ref> The anhydrous compound can be prepared by the action of [[fluorine]] on thorium metal or [[thorium carbide]],<ref>{{citation | last1 = Moissan | first1 = Henri | authorlink1 = Henri Moissan | last2 = Étard | first2 = A. | year = 1896 | title = Sur les carbures d'yttrium et de thorium | journal = C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris | volume = 122 | pages = 573–77 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f575.image}}. {{citation | last1 = Moissan | first1 = H. | authorlink1 = Henri Moissan | last2 = Étard | first2 = A. | year = 1897 | title = Preparation et propriétés du carbure et de la fonte de thorium | journal = Ann. Chim. Phys., Ser.&nbsp;7 | volume = 12 | pages = 427–32 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349121/f420.image.}}.</ref> or by the action of anhydrous [[hydrogen fluoride]] on various thorium compounds.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Lipkind | first1 = H. | last2 = Newton | first2 = A. S. | editor-last = Katzin | editor-first = L. I. | year = 1952 | title = Production and Separation of U<sup>233</sup>: Collected Papers | series = National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV | volume = 17B | id = Report TID–5223 | publisher = US Atomic Energy Commission | location = Oak Ridge, Tenn. | page = 398}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Newton | first1 = A. S. | last2 = Lipkind | first2 = H. | last3 = Keller | first3 = W. H. | last4 = Iliff | first4 = J. E. | editor-last = Katzin | editor-first = L. I. | year = 1952 | title = Production and Separation of U<sup>233</sup>: Collected Papers | series = National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV | volume = 17B | id = Report TID–5223 | publisher = US Atomic Energy Commission | location = Oak Ridge, Tenn. | page = 419}}.</ref> [[Ammonium hydrogendifluoride]], NH<sub>4</sub>HF<sub>2</sub> will react with [[thorium dioxide]] to give the ternary fluoride NH<sub>4</sub>ThF<sub>5</sub>: this decomposes at 300&nbsp;°C to give ThF<sub>4</sub>.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Asprey | first1 = L. B. | last2 = Haire | first2 = R. G. | year = 1973 | title = On the actinide tetrafluoride lattice parameters | journal = Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 1121–28 | doi = 10.1016/0020-1650(73)80017-0}}.</ref>
+
'''Thorium(IV) fluoride''', ThF<sub>4</sub>, is the only known [[fluoride]] of [[thorium]].<ref name="WFD">{{citation | last1 = Wickleder | first1 = Mathias S. | last2 = Fourest | first2 = Blandine | last3 = Dorhout | first3 = Peter K. | contribution = Thorium | title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements | editor1-first = Lester R. | editor1-last = Morss | editor2-first = Norman M. | editor2-last = Edelstein | editor3-first = Jean | editor3-last = Fuger | edition = 3rd | year = 2006 | volume = 1 | publisher = Springer | location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands | chapter = 3 | pages = 52–160 | url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf | doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3}}.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although thorium(III) fluoride (ThF<sub>3</sub>, CAS number 13842-84-7, standard InChIKey NFUSRTKFVSVVEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K) is sometimes mentioned, by analogy with [[zirconium(III) fluoride]], attempts to prepare it have been unsuccessful.<ref>{{citation | first = James C. | last = Warf | title = Attempted Preparation of Thorium(III) Fluoride | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year = 1952 | volume = 74 | issue = 7 | pages = 1864–65 | doi = 10.1021/ja01127a521}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | first1 = Paul | last1 = Ehrlich | first2 = Fritz | last2 = Plöger | first3 = Ernst | last3 = Koch | | first4 = Gustav | last4 = Kaupa | title = Über Zirkonium(III)-fluorid. Versuche zur Darstellung von Thorium(III)-fluorid | journal = Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. | volume = 333 | issue = 4–6 | pages = 209–15 | year = 1964 | doi = 10.1002/zaac.19643330407}}.</ref>|group=note}} A hydrated form is precipitated by the addition of fluoride to solutions of thorium salts,<ref>{{citation | last = Berzelius | first = J. J. | authorlink = Jöns Jacob Berzelius | year = 1829 | title = Undersökning af ett nytt mineral (Thorit), som innehåller en förut obekant jord | journal = K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. | volume = 9 | pages = 1–30}}; {{citation | title = Untersuchung eines neuen Minerals und einer darin enthaltenen zuvor unbekannten Erde | journal = Ann. Phys. Chem. | year = 1829 | volume = 92 | issue = 7 | pages = 385–415 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18290920702}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Chydenius | first = J. J. | title = Kemish undersökning af Thorjord ach Thorsalter | location = Helsingfors | year = 1861}}; {{citation | year = 1863 | title = Ueber die Thorerde und deren Verbindungen | journal = Ann. Phys. (Berlin) | volume = 195 | issue = 5 | pages = 43–56 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18631950505}}.</ref> but this is very difficult to dehydrate without hydrolysis to the oxofluoride ThOF<sub>2</sub>.<ref name="WFD"/><ref>{{citation | last1 = Briggs | first1 = G. G. | last2 = Cavendish | first2 = J. H. | year = 1971 | title = Thorium Metal Production | id = AEC Report NLCO-1080 | publisher = National Lead Co. | location = Cincinnati, Ohio}}.</ref> The anhydrous compound can be prepared by the action of [[fluorine]] on thorium metal or [[thorium carbide]],<ref>{{citation | last1 = Moissan | first1 = Henri | authorlink1 = Henri Moissan | last2 = Étard | first2 = A. | year = 1896 | title = Sur les carbures d'yttrium et de thorium | journal = C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris | volume = 122 | pages = 573–77 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f575.image}}. {{citation | last1 = Moissan | first1 = H. | authorlink1 = Henri Moissan | last2 = Étard | first2 = A. | year = 1897 | title = Preparation et propriétés du carbure et de la fonte de thorium | journal = Ann. Chim. Phys., Ser.&nbsp;7 | volume = 12 | pages = 427–32 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349121/f420.image.}}.</ref> or by the action of anhydrous [[hydrogen fluoride]] on various thorium compounds.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Lipkind | first1 = H. | last2 = Newton | first2 = A. S. | editor-last = Katzin | editor-first = L. I. | year = 1952 | title = Production and Separation of U<sup>233</sup>: Collected Papers | series = National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV | volume = 17B | id = Report TID–5223 | publisher = US Atomic Energy Commission | location = Oak Ridge, Tenn. | page = 398}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Newton | first1 = A. S. | last2 = Lipkind | first2 = H. | last3 = Keller | first3 = W. H. | last4 = Iliff | first4 = J. E. | editor-last = Katzin | editor-first = L. I. | year = 1952 | title = Production and Separation of U<sup>233</sup>: Collected Papers | series = National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV | volume = 17B | id = Report TID–5223 | publisher = US Atomic Energy Commission | location = Oak Ridge, Tenn. | page = 419}}.</ref> [[Ammonium hydrogendifluoride]], NH<sub>4</sub>HF<sub>2</sub> will react with [[thorium dioxide]] to give the ternary fluoride NH<sub>4</sub>ThF<sub>5</sub>: this decomposes at 300&nbsp;°C to give ThF<sub>4</sub>.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Asprey | first1 = L. B. | last2 = Haire | first2 = R. G. | year = 1973 | title = On the actinide tetrafluoride lattice parameters | journal = Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 1121–28 | doi = 10.1016/0020-1650(73)80017-0}}.</ref>
  
 
==Notes and references==
 
==Notes and references==

Latest revision as of 17:33, 9 January 2011

Thorium(IV) fluoride
Other names Thorium tetrafluoride
Identifiers
InChI InChI=1/4FH.Th/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4
InChIKey MZQZQKZKTGRQCG-XBHQNQODAV
Standard InChI InChI=1S/4FH.Th/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4
Standard InChIKey MZQZQKZKTGRQCG-UHFFFAOYSA-J
CAS number [13709-59-6]
EC number 237-259-6
ChemSpider 75503
Properties[1]
Chemical formula ThF4
Molar mass 308.03 g mol−1
Appearance white solid
Density 6.32 g cm−3
Solubility in water 0.017 g/100 g (25 °C)
Structure[2]
Crystal structure Zirconium tetrafluoride
Space group P2/c
Lattice constant a = 1304.9 pm, b = 1112.0 pm, c = 853.8 pm, α = 90°, β = 126.30°, γ = 90°
Related compounds
Other anions Thorium(IV) chloride
Thorium(IV) brimide
Thorium(IV) iodide
Other cations Protactinium(IV) fluoride
Uranium(IV) fluoride
Zirconium(IV) fluoride
Hafnium(IV) fluoride
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Thorium(IV) fluoride, ThF4, is the only known fluoride of thorium.[3][note 1] A hydrated form is precipitated by the addition of fluoride to solutions of thorium salts,[6][7] but this is very difficult to dehydrate without hydrolysis to the oxofluoride ThOF2.[3][8] The anhydrous compound can be prepared by the action of fluorine on thorium metal or thorium carbide,[9] or by the action of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride on various thorium compounds.[10][11] Ammonium hydrogendifluoride, NH4HF2 will react with thorium dioxide to give the ternary fluoride NH4ThF5: this decomposes at 300 °C to give ThF4.[12]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Although thorium(III) fluoride (ThF3, CAS number 13842-84-7, standard InChIKey NFUSRTKFVSVVEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K) is sometimes mentioned, by analogy with zirconium(III) fluoride, attempts to prepare it have been unsuccessful.[4][5]

References

  1. ↑ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd ed.; Weast, Robert C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1981; p B-157. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8.
  2. ↑ Benner, G.; Müller, B. G. Zur Kenntnis binärer Fluoride des ZrF4-Typs: HfF4 und ThF4. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1990, 588 (1), 33–42. DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19905880105.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. Thorium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 1, Chapter 3, pp 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf>.
  4. ↑ Warf, James C. Attempted Preparation of Thorium(III) Fluoride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74 (7), 1864–65. DOI: 10.1021/ja01127a521.
  5. ↑ Ehrlich, Paul; Plöger, Fritz; Koch, Ernst; Kaupa, Gustav Über Zirkonium(III)-fluorid. Versuche zur Darstellung von Thorium(III)-fluorid. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1964, 333 (4–6), 209–15. DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19643330407.
  6. ↑ Berzelius, J. J. Undersökning af ett nytt mineral (Thorit), som innehåller en förut obekant jord. K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 1829, 9, 1–30; Untersuchung eines neuen Minerals und einer darin enthaltenen zuvor unbekannten Erde. Ann. Phys. Chem. 1829, 92 (7), 385–415. DOI: 10.1002/andp.18290920702.
  7. ↑ Chydenius, J. J. Kemish undersökning af Thorjord ach Thorsalter; Helsingfors, 1861; Ueber die Thorerde und deren Verbindungen. Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 1863, 195 (5), 43–56. DOI: 10.1002/andp.18631950505.
  8. ↑ Briggs, G. G.; Cavendish, J. H. Thorium Metal Production; National Lead Co.: Cincinnati, Ohio, 1971. AEC Report NLCO-1080.
  9. ↑ Moissan, Henri; Étard, A. Sur les carbures d'yttrium et de thorium. C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris 1896, 122, 573–77, <http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f575.image>. Moissan, H.; Étard, A. Preparation et propriétés du carbure et de la fonte de thorium. Ann. Chim. Phys., Ser. 7 1897, 12, 427–32, <http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349121/f420.image.>.
  10. ↑ Lipkind, H.; Newton, A. S. In Production and Separation of U233: Collected Papers; Katzin, L. I., Ed.; National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV; US Atomic Energy Commission: Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1952; Vol. 17B, p 398. Report TID–5223.
  11. ↑ Newton, A. S.; Lipkind, H.; Keller, W. H.; Iliff, J. E. In Production and Separation of U233: Collected Papers; Katzin, L. I., Ed.; National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV; US Atomic Energy Commission: Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1952; Vol. 17B, p 419. Report TID–5223.
  12. ↑ Asprey, L. B.; Haire, R. G. On the actinide tetrafluoride lattice parameters. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 1973, 9 (11), 1121–28. DOI: 10.1016/0020-1650(73)80017-0.

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