Difference between revisions of "Aluminium phosphide"
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | ||
| ChemSpiderID = 28171 | | ChemSpiderID = 28171 | ||
| − | | InChI = 1/Al.P/rAlP/c1-2 | + | | InChI = 1/Al.P/rAlP/c1-2 |
| − | | | + | | InChIKey = PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-LQQCNYPFAR |
| − | + | | CASNo = 20859-73-8 | |
| − | | CASNo = 20859-73-8 | + | | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} |
| − | | | ||
| PubChem = 30332 | | PubChem = 30332 | ||
| RTECS = BD1400000 | | RTECS = BD1400000 | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | ||
| + | | Reference = <ref name="Berger">{{citation | first = L. I. | last = Berger | title = Semiconductor materials | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0849389127 | page = 125}}.</ref> | ||
| Formula = AlP | | Formula = AlP | ||
| − | | MolarMass = 57. | + | | MolarMass = 57.955 g/mol |
| Appearance = yellow or gray crystals | | Appearance = yellow or gray crystals | ||
| − | | Density = 2.85 g/ | + | | Density = 2.85 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid |
| Solubility = reacts | | Solubility = reacts | ||
| MeltingPt = 2530 °C | | MeltingPt = 2530 °C | ||
| BoilingPt = | | BoilingPt = | ||
| − | | BandGap = 2.5 eV (indirect) | + | | BandGap = 2.5 eV (indirect) |
| − | | RefractIndex = 2.75 (IR), ~3 ( | + | | RefractIndex = 2.75 (IR), ~3 (visible) |
}} | }} | ||
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | ||
| − | | ExternalMSDS = | + | | Reference = <ref>{{CLP Regulation|index=015-004-00-8|page=372}}</ref> |
| + | | ExternalMSDS = {{ICSC-small|0472}} | ||
| + | | EUIndex = 015-004-00-8 | ||
| + | | GHSPictograms = {{GHS02|Water-react. 1}}{{GHS06|Acute Tox. 2}}{{GHS09|Aquatic Acute 1}} | ||
| + | | GHSSignalWord = DANGER | ||
| + | | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|260|300|400}} <!-- plus EUH029 and EUH032 --> | ||
| FlashPt = >800 °C | | FlashPt = >800 °C | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| LD50 = 11.5 mg/kg | | LD50 = 11.5 mg/kg | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | ||
| + | | OtherCations = [[Gallium phosphide]]<br/>[[Indium phosphide]]<br/>[[Thallium phosphide]] | ||
| + | | OtherAnions = [[Aluminium nitride]]<br/>[[Aluminium arsenide]]<br/>[[Aluminium antimonide]] | ||
| + | | OtherCpds = [[Aluminium gallium phosphide]]<br/>[[Aluminium gallium indium phosphide]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 38: | Line 46: | ||
==Structure, synthesis, and chemical properties== | ==Structure, synthesis, and chemical properties== | ||
| − | AlP crystallizes in the cubic [[zinc blende]] lattice, wherein all atoms have [[tetrahedral]] coordination. Related materials crystallize similarly, including [[Gallium arsenide|GaAs]]. At pressures of 14-17 GPa, AlP transforms into a [[rocksalt]] phase <ref name= | + | AlP crystallizes in the cubic [[zinc blende]] lattice, wherein all atoms have [[tetrahedral]] coordination. Related materials crystallize similarly, including [[Gallium arsenide|GaAs]]. At pressures of 14-17 GPa, AlP transforms into a [[rocksalt]] phase.<ref name="Berger"/> |
| − | Crude aluminium phosphide can be prepared in the laboratory by igniting a mixture of red phosphorus and powdered aluminium.<ref>{{ | + | Crude aluminium phosphide can be prepared in the laboratory by igniting a mixture of red phosphorus and powdered aluminium.<ref>{{citation | first1 = Wayne E. | last1 = White | first2 = A. H. | last2 = Bushey | title = Aluminum Phosphide | journal = Inorg. Synth. | year = 1953 | volume = 4 | pages = 23–25 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132357.ch7}}.</ref> |
| − | Aluminium phosphide reacts with [[water]] or acids to release [[phosphine]].<ref>Holleman | + | Aluminium phosphide reacts with [[water]] or acids to release [[phosphine]].<ref>{{Holleman&Wiberg}}.</ref> |
:AlP + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + PH<sub>3</sub> | :AlP + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + PH<sub>3</sub> | ||
:AlP + 3 H<sup>+</sup> → Al<sup>3+</sup> + PH<sub>3</sub> | :AlP + 3 H<sup>+</sup> → Al<sup>3+</sup> + PH<sub>3</sub> | ||
==Physical properties== | ==Physical properties== | ||
| − | Aluminium phosphide has a hardness of 5.5 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|Mohs scale]] <ref name= | + | Aluminium phosphide has a hardness of 5.5 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|Mohs scale]].<ref name="Berger"/> |
==Pesticide== | ==Pesticide== | ||
| Line 57: | Line 65: | ||
===Incidents=== | ===Incidents=== | ||
| + | In October 2002, Sir Derek Bibby, 2nd baronet and great-great-grandson of the founder and past chairman and president of the [[Bibby Line]] shipping company, aged 80 and terminally ill with [[leukemia|leukaemia]], committed [[suicide]] by consuming aluminium phosphide - the poison, hours later, caused his body to emit dangerous fumes forcing the [[Emergency evacuation|evacuation]] of the hospital department where his body was being held.<ref>{{citation | title = Millionaire's death sparks poison scare | publisher = BBC News | date = 2002-10-10 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2314911.stm | accessdate = 2009-04-05}}.</ref> | ||
| − | In | + | In February 2009, two children died in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] after a neighbouring house was [[fumigation|fumigated]] with aluminium phosphide.<ref>{{citation | title = Fumes kill two Danes in Jeddah | publisher = BBC News | date = 2009-02-24 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7908102.stm | accessdate = 2009-02-25}}.</ref> |
| − | + | ==Semiconductor applications== | |
| + | Industrially, AlP is a [[semiconductor material]] that is usually [[alloy]]ed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as [[light-emitting diode]]s (e.g. [[aluminium gallium indium phosphide]]).<ref>{{citation | first = D. E. C. | last = Corbridge | title = Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-444-89307-5}}.</ref> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 06:18, 25 November 2009
| Aluminium phosphide | |
|---|---|
| |
| Other names | Aluminium(III) phosphide Aluminium monophosphide Phostoxin Fumitoxin |
| Identifiers | |
| InChI | InChI=1/Al.P/rAlP/c1-2 |
| InChIKey | PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-LQQCNYPFAR |
| CAS number | [] |
| RTECS | BD1400000 |
| ChemSpider | |
| PubChem | |
| Properties[1] | |
| Chemical formula | AlP |
| Molar mass | 57.955 g/mol |
| Appearance | yellow or gray crystals |
| Density | 2.85 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point |
2530 °C |
| Solubility in water | reacts |
| Band gap | 2.5 eV (indirect) |
| Refractive index (nD) | 2.75 (IR), ~3 (visible) |
| Hazards[2] | |
| Material safety data sheet (MSDS) | ICSC |
| EU index number | 015-004-00-8 |
| GHS pictograms |   
|
| GHS signal word | DANGER |
| GHS hazard statements | H260, H300, H400 |
| Flash point | >800 °C |
| LD50 | 11.5 mg/kg |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Aluminium nitride Aluminium arsenide Aluminium antimonide |
| Other cations | Gallium phosphide Indium phosphide Thallium phosphide |
| Other compounds | Aluminium gallium phosphide Aluminium gallium indium phosphide |
| Template:Tick(what is this?) (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Aluminium phosphide is the chemical compound with the empirical formula AlP. This colourless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation. This material is a wide band gap semiconductor and is used as a fumigant.
Contents
Structure, synthesis, and chemical properties
AlP crystallizes in the cubic zinc blende lattice, wherein all atoms have tetrahedral coordination. Related materials crystallize similarly, including GaAs. At pressures of 14-17 GPa, AlP transforms into a rocksalt phase.[1]
Crude aluminium phosphide can be prepared in the laboratory by igniting a mixture of red phosphorus and powdered aluminium.[3]
Aluminium phosphide reacts with water or acids to release phosphine.[4]
- AlP + 3 H2O → Al(OH)3 + PH3
- AlP + 3 H+ → Al3+ + PH3
Physical properties
Aluminium phosphide has a hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale.[1]
Pesticide
AlP is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles, rabbits, and rodents. The tablets or pellets typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia which helps to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas.
As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide.
As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide can be encountered under various brand names, e.g. Celphos, Fumitoxin, Phostoxin, and Quick Phos.
Incidents
In October 2002, Sir Derek Bibby, 2nd baronet and great-great-grandson of the founder and past chairman and president of the Bibby Line shipping company, aged 80 and terminally ill with leukaemia, committed suicide by consuming aluminium phosphide - the poison, hours later, caused his body to emit dangerous fumes forcing the evacuation of the hospital department where his body was being held.[5]
In February 2009, two children died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia after a neighbouring house was fumigated with aluminium phosphide.[6]
Semiconductor applications
Industrially, AlP is a semiconductor material that is usually alloyed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as light-emitting diodes (e.g. aluminium gallium indium phosphide).[7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Berger, L. I. Semiconductor materials; CRC Press, 1996; p 125. ISBN 0849389127.
- ↑ Index no. 015-004-00-8 of Annex VI, Part 3, to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEU L353, 31.12.2008, pp 1–1355 at p 372.
- ↑ White, Wayne E.; Bushey, A. H. Aluminum Phosphide. Inorg. Synth. 1953, 4, 23–25. DOI: 10.1002/9780470132357.ch7.
- ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry; Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ↑ Millionaire's death sparks poison scare; BBC News, 2002-10-10, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2314911.stm>. (accessed 5 April 2009).
- ↑ Fumes kill two Danes in Jeddah; BBC News, 2009-02-24, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7908102.stm>. (accessed 25 February 2009).
- ↑ Corbridge, D. E. C. Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology, 5th ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1995. ISBN 0-444-89307-5.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0472
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0024
- IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 194: Aluminium
Template:Insecticides Template:Rodenticides
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