Difference between revisions of "Data:Crystallographic properties of the elements"

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! ''β''/°
 
! ''β''/°
 
! ''γ''/°
 
! ''γ''/°
 +
|-
 +
| [[Actinium]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 531.4(1) || || || || || || 150.06(8) || 4 || 22.592(4) || 10.049(2) || || <ref>{{citation | last1 = Kirby | first1 = H. W. | last2 = Morss | first2 = L. R. | contribution = Actinium | title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements | editor1-first = Lester R. | editor1-last = Morss | editor2-first = Norman M. | editor2-last = Edelstein | editor3-first = Jean | editor3-last = Fuger | edition = 3rd | year = 2006 | volume = 1 | publisher = Springer | location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands | chapter = 2 | pages = 18–51 | url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/actinium.pdf | doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_2}}.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Aluminium]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 404 || || || || || || 65.94 || 4 || 9.928 || 2.718 || || <ref name="Wyckoff">{{citation | last = Wyckoff | first = R. W. G. | authorlink = Ralph W. G. Wyckoff | title = Crystal Structures | edition = 2nd | location = New York | publisher = Interscience | year = 1963}}.</ref>
 
| [[Aluminium]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 404 || || || || || || 65.94 || 4 || 9.928 || 2.718 || || <ref name="Wyckoff">{{citation | last = Wyckoff | first = R. W. G. | authorlink = Ralph W. G. Wyckoff | title = Crystal Structures | edition = 2nd | location = New York | publisher = Interscience | year = 1963}}.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan=2 | [[Americium]] || α || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Double hexagonal close-packed structure|dhcp]] || 346.81 || || 1124.1 || || || || 117.09 || 4 || 17.628 || 13.671 || || <ref name="Am">{{citation | last1 = Runde | first1 = Wolfgang H. | last2 = Schulz | first2 = Wallace W. | contribution = Americium | title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements | editor1-first = Lester R. | editor1-last = Morss | editor2-first = Norman M. | editor2-last = Edelstein | editor3-first = Jean | editor3-last = Fuger | edition = 3rd | year = 2006 | volume = 2 | publisher = Springer | location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands | chapter = 8 | pages = 1265–1395 | url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/actinium.pdf | doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_8}}.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| β || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 489.4 || || || || || || 117.22 || 4 || 17.648 || 13.656 || || <ref name="Am"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Antimony]] || || [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]] || R{{overline|3}}''m'' (No. 166) || arsenic || 431.0(1) || || 1127.9(3) || || || || 181.45(9) || 6 || 18.213(10) || 6.685(4) || 26 || <ref name="USGS">{{citation | last1 = Robie | first1 = Richard A. | last2 = Bethke | first2 = Philip M. | last3 = Beardsley | first3 = Keith M. | title = Selected X-ray crystallographic data, molar volumes, and densities of minerals and related substances | series = U.&nbsp;S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248 | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1967}}.</ref>
 
| [[Antimony]] || || [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]] || R{{overline|3}}''m'' (No. 166) || arsenic || 431.0(1) || || 1127.9(3) || || || || 181.45(9) || 6 || 18.213(10) || 6.685(4) || 26 || <ref name="USGS">{{citation | last1 = Robie | first1 = Richard A. | last2 = Bethke | first2 = Philip M. | last3 = Beardsley | first3 = Keith M. | title = Selected X-ray crystallographic data, molar volumes, and densities of minerals and related substances | series = U.&nbsp;S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248 | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1967}}.</ref>
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| [[Bismuth]] || || [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]] || R{{overline|3}}''m'' (No. 166) || arsenic || 454.59(10) || || 1186.22(10) || || || || 212.29(11) || 6 || 21.309(11) || 9.8071(50) || 26 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Bismuth]] || || [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]] || R{{overline|3}}''m'' (No. 166) || arsenic || 454.59(10) || || 1186.22(10) || || || || 212.29(11) || 6 || 21.309(11) || 9.8071(50) || 26 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Cadmium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 297.9 || || 561.7 || || || || 43.17 || 2 || 12.999 || 8.647 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
+
| [[Cadmium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 297.9 || || 561.7 || || || || 43.17 || 2 || 12.999 || 8.648 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| rowspan=2 | [[Carbon]] || [[graphite]] || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || C6/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Graphite structure|graphite]] || 246.12(1) || || 670.79(10) || || || || 35.189(6) || 4 || 5.2982(9) || 2.2670(4) || 15 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| rowspan=2 | [[Carbon]] || [[graphite]] || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || C6/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Graphite structure|graphite]] || 246.12(1) || || 670.79(10) || || || || 35.189(6) || 4 || 5.2982(9) || 2.2670(4) || 15 || <ref name="USGS"/>
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|-
 
|-
 
| [[Gold]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 407.86(2) || || || || || || 67.847(10) || 4 || 10.215(2) || 19.282(3) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Gold]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 407.86(2) || || || || || || 67.847(10) || 4 || 10.215(2) || 19.282(3) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Indium]] || || [[Tetragonal crystal system|tetragonal]] || I4/''mmm'' (No. 139) || || 325 || || 495 || || || || 52.28 || 2 || 15.742 || 7.294 || || <ref>{{citation | first1 = J. F. | last1 = Smith | first2 = V. L. | last2 = Schneider | title = Anisotropic thermal expansion of indium | journal = J. Less-Common Met. | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | year = 1964 | pages = 17–22 | doi = 10.1016/0022-5088(64)90013-X}}.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Iridium]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 383.94 || || || || || || 56.597 || 4 || 8.521 || 22.559 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Iron]] || α || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || I''m''3''m'' (No. 229) || [[Body-centered cubic structure|bcc]] || 286.64(5) || || || || || || 23.551(12) || 2 || 7.0918(37) || 7.8748(41) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Iron]] || α || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || I''m''3''m'' (No. 229) || [[Body-centered cubic structure|bcc]] || 286.64(5) || || || || || || 23.551(12) || 2 || 7.0918(37) || 7.8748(41) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
−
|-
 
−
| [[Indium]] || || [[Tetragonal crystal system|tetragonal]] || I4/''mmm'' (No. 139) || || 325 || || 495 || || || || 52.28 || 2 || 15.742 || 7.293 || || <ref>{{citation | first1 = J. F. | last1 = Smith | first2 = V. L. | last2 = Schneider | title = Anisotropic thermal expansion of indium | journal = J. Less-Common Met. | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | year = 1964 | pages = 17–22 | doi = 10.1016/0022-5088(64)90013-X}}.</ref>
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Lead]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 495.05(5) || || || || || || 121.32(4) || 4 || 18.267(6) || 11.342(3) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Lead]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 495.05(5) || || || || || || 121.32(4) || 4 || 18.267(6) || 11.342(3) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Nickel]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 352.38(5) || || || || || || 43.756(19) || 4 || 6.5880(28) || 8.9117(38) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Nickel]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 352.38(5) || || || || || || 43.756(19) || 4 || 6.5880(28) || 8.9117(38) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Osmium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 271.4 || || 431.4 || || || || 27.52 || 2 || 8.286 || 22.96 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Palladium]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 388.24 || || || || || || 58.52 || 4 || 8.810 || 12.079 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Platinum]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 392.31(5) || || || || || || 60.379(23) || 4 || 9.0909(35) || 21.460(8) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Platinum]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 392.31(5) || || || || || || 60.379(23) || 4 || 9.0909(35) || 21.460(8) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Rhenium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 276 || || 445.8 || || || || 29.41 || 2 || 8.856 || 21.03 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Rhodium]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 385.6 || || || || || || 57.33 || 4 || 8.632 || 11.92 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Ruthenium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 270.4 || || 432.6 || || || || 27.39 || 2 || 8.247 || 12.26 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Selenium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P3<sub>1</sub>21 (No. 152)<br/>P3<sub>2</sub>21 (No. 154) || || 436.42(8) || || 495.88(8) || || || || 81.793(33) || 3 || 16.420(7) || 4.8088(19) || 26 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Selenium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P3<sub>1</sub>21 (No. 152)<br/>P3<sub>2</sub>21 (No. 154) || || 436.42(8) || || 495.88(8) || || || || 81.793(33) || 3 || 16.420(7) || 4.8088(19) || 26 || <ref name="USGS"/>
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| [[Silver]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 408.62(2) || || || || || || 68.227(10) || 4 || 10.272(2) || 10.501(2) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Silver]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || F''m''3''m'' (No. 225) || [[Face-centered cubic structure|fcc]] || 408.62(2) || || || || || || 68.227(10) || 4 || 10.272(2) || 10.501(2) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan=3 | [[Sulfur]] || α || [[Orthorhombic crystal system|orthorhombic]] || F''ddd'' (No. 70) || || 1046.46(20) || 1286.60(20) || 2448.60(40) || || || || 3296.73(97) || 128 || 15.511(5) || 2.0671(6) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
+
| rowspan=4 | [[Sulfur]] || α || [[Orthorhombic crystal system|orthorhombic]] || F''ddd'' (No. 70) || || 1046.46(20) || 1286.60(20) || 2448.60(40) || || || || 3296.73(97) || 16 (S<sub>8</sub>) || 124.088(40) || 2.0671(6) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| β || [[Monoclinic crystal system|monoclinic]] || P2<sub>1</sub>/''c'' (No. 14) || || 1104(3) || 1098(3) || 1092(3) || || 96.73(50) || || 1314.6(64) || 48 || 16.49(8) || 1.944(9) || 103 || <ref name="USGS"/>
+
| β || [[Monoclinic crystal system|monoclinic]] || P2<sub>1</sub>/''c'' (No. 14) || || 1104(3) || 1098(3) || 1092(3) || || 96.73(50) || || 1314.6(64) || 6 (S<sub>8</sub>) || 131.9(6) || 1.944(9) || 103 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ε || [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]] || R{{overline|3}} (No. 148) || || 1081.8(2) || || 428.0(1) || || || || 433.78(19) || 18 || 14.514(6) || 2.2092(10) || || <ref name="USGS"/>
+
| γ || [[Monoclinic crystal system|monoclinic]] || P2/''c'' (No. 13) || || 844.2(30) || 1302.5(10) || 935.6(50) || || 124.98(30) || || 843.0(51) || 4 (S<sub>8</sub>) || 126.9(8) || 2.021(12) || || <ref>{{citation | last = Watanabe | first = Yasunari | title = The Crystal Structure of Monoclinic γ-Sulphur | journal = Acta Crystallogr., Sect.&nbsp;B: Struct. Crystallogr. Cryst. Chem. | year = 1974 | volume = 30 | pages = 1396–1401 | doi = 10.1107/S0567740874004961}}.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ε || [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]] || R{{overline|3}} (No. 148) || || 1081.8(2) || || 428.0(1) || || || || 433.78(19) || 3 (S<sub>6</sub>) || 43.542(18) || 2.2092(10) || || <ref name="USGS"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Tantalum]] || || [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] || I''m''3''m'' (No. 229) || [[Body-centered cubic structure|bcc]] || 3.3058 || || || || || || 36.127 || 2 || 10.878 || 16.634 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Tellurium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P3<sub>1</sub>21 (No. 152)<br/>P3<sub>2</sub>21 (No. 154) || || 445.70(8) || || 592.90(10) || || || || 102.00(4) || 3 || 20.476(8) || 6.2316(25) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Tellurium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P3<sub>1</sub>21 (No. 152)<br/>P3<sub>2</sub>21 (No. 154) || || 445.70(8) || || 592.90(10) || || || || 102.00(4) || 3 || 20.476(8) || 6.2316(25) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Tin]] || β (white) || [[Tetragonal crystal system|tetragonal]] || I4<sub>1</sub>/''amd'' (No. 141) || || 583.15(8) || || 318.13(6) || || || || 108.18(4) || 4 || 16.289(5) || 7.2867(24) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Tin]] || β (white) || [[Tetragonal crystal system|tetragonal]] || I4<sub>1</sub>/''amd'' (No. 141) || || 583.15(8) || || 318.13(6) || || || || 108.18(4) || 4 || 16.289(5) || 7.2867(24) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[Titanium]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 295 || || 469 || || || || 35.35 || 2 || 10.64 || 4.50 || || <ref name="Wyckoff"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Zinc]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 266.5(1) || || 494.7(1) || || || || 30.428(24) || 2 || 9.162(7) || 7.134(6) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>
 
| [[Zinc]] || || [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]] || P6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' (No. 194) || [[Hexagonal close-packed structure|hcp]] || 266.5(1) || || 494.7(1) || || || || 30.428(24) || 2 || 9.162(7) || 7.134(6) || 25 || <ref name="USGS"/>

Latest revision as of 13:00, 4 April 2011

Element Phase Crystal
system 		Space group Structure
type 		Lattice parameters Vcell/Å3 Z Vm/cm3 ρ
g cm−3 		θ/°C Notes
Refs.
a/pm b/pm c/pm α/° β/° γ/°
Actinium cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 531.4(1) 150.06(8) 4 22.592(4) 10.049(2) [1]
Aluminium cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 404 65.94 4 9.928 2.718 [2]
Americium α hexagonal P63/mmc (No. 194) dhcp 346.81 1124.1 117.09 4 17.628 13.671 [3]
β cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 489.4 117.22 4 17.648 13.656 [3]
Antimony trigonal R3m (No. 166) arsenic 431.0(1) 1127.9(3) 181.45(9) 6 18.213(10) 6.685(4) 26 [4]
Arsenic trigonal R3m (No. 166) arsenic 376.0(1) 1055.5(3) 129.23(8) 6 12.972(2) 5.776(4) 26 [4]
Bismuth trigonal R3m (No. 166) arsenic 454.59(10) 1186.22(10) 212.29(11) 6 21.309(11) 9.8071(50) 26 [4]
Cadmium hexagonal P63/mmc (No. 194) hcp 297.9 561.7 43.17 2 12.999 8.648 [2]
Carbon graphite hexagonal C6/mmc (No. 194) graphite 246.12(1) 670.79(10) 35.189(6) 4 5.2982(9) 2.2670(4) 15 [4]
diamond cubic Fd3m (No. 227) diamond 356.70(1) 45.385(4) 8 3.4166(3) 3.5155(3) 25 [4]
Chromium cubic Im3m (No. 229) bcc 288.39 23.985 2 7.222 7.200 [2]
Copper cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 361.50(1) 47.242(20) 4 7.1128(30) 8.9331(37) 25 [4]
Gold cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 407.86(2) 67.847(10) 4 10.215(2) 19.282(3) 25 [4]
Indium tetragonal I4/mmm (No. 139) 325 495 52.28 2 15.742 7.294 [5]
Iridium cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 383.94 56.597 4 8.521 22.559 [2]
Iron α cubic Im3m (No. 229) bcc 286.64(5) 23.551(12) 2 7.0918(37) 7.8748(41) 25 [4]
Lead cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 495.05(5) 121.32(4) 4 18.267(6) 11.342(3) 25 [4]
Nickel cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 352.38(5) 43.756(19) 4 6.5880(28) 8.9117(38) 25 [4]
Osmium hexagonal P63/mmc (No. 194) hcp 271.4 431.4 27.52 2 8.286 22.96 [2]
Palladium cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 388.24 58.52 4 8.810 12.079 [2]
Platinum cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 392.31(5) 60.379(23) 4 9.0909(35) 21.460(8) 25 [4]
Rhenium hexagonal P63/mmc (No. 194) hcp 276 445.8 29.41 2 8.856 21.03 [2]
Rhodium cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 385.6 57.33 4 8.632 11.92 [2]
Ruthenium hexagonal P63/mmc (No. 194) hcp 270.4 432.6 27.39 2 8.247 12.26 [2]
Selenium hexagonal P3121 (No. 152)
P3221 (No. 154)		 436.42(8) 495.88(8) 81.793(33) 3 16.420(7) 4.8088(19) 26 [4]
Silicon cubic Fd3m (No. 227) diamond 543.05(3) 160.15(3) 8 12.056(2) 2.3296(4) 25 [4]
Silver cubic Fm3m (No. 225) fcc 408.62(2) 68.227(10) 4 10.272(2) 10.501(2) 25 [4]
Sulfur α orthorhombic Fddd (No. 70) 1046.46(20) 1286.60(20) 2448.60(40) 3296.73(97) 16 (S8) 124.088(40) 2.0671(6) 25 [4]
β monoclinic P21/c (No. 14) 1104(3) 1098(3) 1092(3) 96.73(50) 1314.6(64) 6 (S8) 131.9(6) 1.944(9) 103 [4]
γ monoclinic P2/c (No. 13) 844.2(30) 1302.5(10) 935.6(50) 124.98(30) 843.0(51) 4 (S8) 126.9(8) 2.021(12) [6]
ε trigonal R3 (No. 148) 1081.8(2) 428.0(1) 433.78(19) 3 (S6) 43.542(18) 2.2092(10) [4]
Tantalum cubic Im3m (No. 229) bcc 3.3058 36.127 2 10.878 16.634 [2]
Tellurium hexagonal P3121 (No. 152)
P3221 (No. 154)		 445.70(8) 592.90(10) 102.00(4) 3 20.476(8) 6.2316(25) 25 [4]
Tin β (white) tetragonal I41/amd (No. 141) 583.15(8) 318.13(6) 108.18(4) 4 16.289(5) 7.2867(24) 25 [4]
Titanium hexagonal P63/mmc (No. 194) hcp 295 469 35.35 2 10.64 4.50 [2]
Zinc hexagonal P63/mmc (No. 194) hcp 266.5(1) 494.7(1) 30.428(24) 2 9.162(7) 7.134(6) 25 [4]

References

  1. ↑ Kirby, H. W.; Morss, L. R. Actinium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 1, Chapter 2, pp 18–51. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_2, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/actinium.pdf>.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Wyckoff, R. W. G. Crystal Structures, 2nd ed.; Interscience: New York, 1963.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Runde, Wolfgang H.; Schulz, Wallace W. Americium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 2, Chapter 8, pp 1265–1395. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_8, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/actinium.pdf>.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 Robie, Richard A.; Bethke, Philip M.; Beardsley, Keith M. Selected X-ray crystallographic data, molar volumes, and densities of minerals and related substances; U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1248; Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C., 1967.
  5. ↑ Smith, J. F.; Schneider, V. L. Anisotropic thermal expansion of indium. J. Less-Common Met. 1964, 7 (1), 17–22. DOI: 10.1016/0022-5088(64)90013-X.
  6. ↑ Watanabe, Yasunari The Crystal Structure of Monoclinic γ-Sulphur. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Crystallogr. Cryst. Chem. 1974, 30, 1396–1401. DOI: 10.1107/S0567740874004961.
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