Difference between revisions of "Halogen"
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A '''halogen''' is an [[chemical element|element]] from '''group 17''' of the [[periodic table]], that is, one of [[fluorine]], [[chlorine]], [[bromine]], [[iodine]] or [[astatine]].<ref>{{RedBook2005|pages=51–52}}.</ref> The name is derived from the Ancient Greek {{Polytonic|ἅλς}} (''hals'', genitive {{Polytonic|ἁλός}} ''halos'', "salt") and -{{Polytonic|γενής}} (''genēs'', "producer of"), and was first used in 1811 by the German chemist [[J. S. C. Schweigger]] (1779–1857) to refer to chlorine, the only element that was known at that time to react directly with metals to produce [[salt]]s.{{#tag:ref|It is often stated that the term "halogen" was coined by Swedish chemist [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] (1779–1848): this misconception seems to arise from the first English use of the word, which was in a translation of one of Berzelius' papers in the ''[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]'' ('''1832''', ''2'', 219).<ref>{{OED1st | entry = Halogen | volume = 5 | page = 44}}.</ref>|group="Note"}}<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=920–21}}.</ref> | A '''halogen''' is an [[chemical element|element]] from '''group 17''' of the [[periodic table]], that is, one of [[fluorine]], [[chlorine]], [[bromine]], [[iodine]] or [[astatine]].<ref>{{RedBook2005|pages=51–52}}.</ref> The name is derived from the Ancient Greek {{Polytonic|ἅλς}} (''hals'', genitive {{Polytonic|ἁλός}} ''halos'', "salt") and -{{Polytonic|γενής}} (''genēs'', "producer of"), and was first used in 1811 by the German chemist [[J. S. C. Schweigger]] (1779–1857) to refer to chlorine, the only element that was known at that time to react directly with metals to produce [[salt]]s.{{#tag:ref|It is often stated that the term "halogen" was coined by Swedish chemist [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] (1779–1848): this misconception seems to arise from the first English use of the word, which was in a translation of one of Berzelius' papers in the ''[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]'' ('''1832''', ''2'', 219).<ref>{{OED1st | entry = Halogen | volume = 5 | page = 44}}.</ref>|group="Note"}}<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=920–21}}.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Elements== | ||
| + | All of the halogens are [[non-metal]]s. Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature, while bromine is a volatile liquid and iodine a volatile solid. None of the halogens occurs naturally in the elemental state: compounds of fluorine and chlorine are very abundant in the Earth's crust, while bromine and iodine are less so, with commercial deposits being very rare. Virtually nothing is known of the bulk properties of astatine, which has no stable [[isotope]]s and is possibly the rarest of the naturally occuring elements. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! | ||
| + | ! F | ||
| + | ! Cl | ||
| + | ! Br | ||
| + | ! I | ||
| + | ! At | ||
| + | ! | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Atomic weight | ||
| + | | 18.998 4032(5) | ||
| + | | 35.453(2) | ||
| + | | 79.904(1) | ||
| + | | 126.904 47(3) | ||
| + | | — | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Melting point/°C | ||
| + | | −218.6 | ||
| + | | −101.0 | ||
| + | | −7.25 | ||
| + | | 113.6 | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Boiling point/°C | ||
| + | | −188.1 | ||
| + | | −34.0 | ||
| + | | 59.5 | ||
| + | | 185.2 | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Chemistry== | ||
| + | ===Periodic trends=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Halides=== | ||
| + | {{main|Halide}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Hydrogen halides==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Interhalogen compounds==== | ||
| + | {{main|Interhalogen compound}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Oxides and oxoacids=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Organic chemistry=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Ununseptium== | ||
| + | {{main|Ununseptium}} | ||
| + | Ununseptium (Uus, ''Z'' = 117) would be the element directly below [[astatine]] in the periodic table. The preparation of six atoms of ununseptium was reported by a team from the [[Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions]] in April 2010, based on the fusion of [[berkelium-249]] with [[calcium-48]] nuclei:<ref>{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | first2 = F. Sh. | last2 = Abdullin | first3 = P. D. | last3 = Bailey | first4 = D. E. | last4 = Benker | first5 = M. E. | last5 = Bennett | first6 = S. N. | last6 = Dmitriev | first7 = J. G. | last7 = Ezold | first8 = J. H. | last8 = Hamilton | first9 = R. A. | last9 = Henderson | first10 = M. G. | last10 = Itkis | first11 = Yu. V. | last11 = Lobanov | first12 = A. N. | last12 = Mezentsev | first13 = K. J. | last13 = Moody | first14 = S. L. | last14 = Nelson | first15 = A. N. | last15 = Polyakov | first16 = C. E. | last16 = Porter | first17 = A. V. | last17 = Ramayya | first18 = F. D. | last18 = Riley | first19 = J. B. | last19 = Roberto | first20 = M. A. | last20 = Ryabinin | first21 = K. P. | last21 = Rykaczewski | first22 = R. N. | last22 = Sagaidak | first23 = D. A. | last23 = Shaughnessy | first24 = I. V. | last24 = Shirokovsky | first25 = M. A. | last25 = Stoyer | first26 = V. G. | last26 = Subbotin | first27 = R. | last27 = Sudowe | first28 = A. M. | last28 = Sukhov | first29 = Yu. S. | last29 = Tsyganov | first30 = V. K. | last30 = Utyonkov | first31 = A. A. | last31 = Voinov | first32 = G. K. | last32 = Vostokin | first33 = P. A. | last33 = Wilk | title = Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number ''Z'' = 117 | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 104 | issue = 14 | page = 142502 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502}}.</ref> | ||
| + | :{{Nuclide|Z=97|A=249}}({{Nuclide|Z=20|A=48}},3n){{Nuclide|Z=117|A=294}} ''t''<sub>½</sub> = 78({{su|p=+370|b=-36}}) ms | ||
| + | :{{Nuclide|Z=97|A=249}}({{Nuclide|Z=20|A=48}},4n){{Nuclide|Z=117|A=293}} ''t''<sub>½</sub> = 14({{su|p=+11|b=-4}}) ms | ||
| + | This claim has yet to be accepted by the [[IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party on Discovery of Elements]] (JWP). | ||
==Notes and references== | ==Notes and references== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:34, 25 December 2010
A halogen is an element from group 17 of the periodic table, that is, one of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or astatine.[1] The name is derived from the Ancient Greek ἅλς (hals, genitive ἁλός halos, "salt") and -γενής (genēs, "producer of"), and was first used in 1811 by the German chemist J. S. C. Schweigger (1779–1857) to refer to chlorine, the only element that was known at that time to react directly with metals to produce salts.[Note 1][3]
Elements
All of the halogens are non-metals. Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature, while bromine is a volatile liquid and iodine a volatile solid. None of the halogens occurs naturally in the elemental state: compounds of fluorine and chlorine are very abundant in the Earth's crust, while bromine and iodine are less so, with commercial deposits being very rare. Virtually nothing is known of the bulk properties of astatine, which has no stable isotopes and is possibly the rarest of the naturally occuring elements.
| F | Cl | Br | I | At | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atomic weight | 18.998 4032(5) | 35.453(2) | 79.904(1) | 126.904 47(3) | — | |
| Melting point/°C | −218.6 | −101.0 | −7.25 | 113.6 | ||
| Boiling point/°C | −188.1 | −34.0 | 59.5 | 185.2 |
Chemistry
Periodic trends
Halides
Hydrogen halides
Interhalogen compounds
Oxides and oxoacids
Organic chemistry
Ununseptium
Ununseptium (Uus, Z = 117) would be the element directly below astatine in the periodic table. The preparation of six atoms of ununseptium was reported by a team from the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in April 2010, based on the fusion of berkelium-249 with calcium-48 nuclei:[4]
- 24997Bk(4820Ca,3n)294117Uus t½ = 78(+370-36) ms
- 24997Bk(4820Ca,4n)293117Uus t½ = 14(+11-4) ms
This claim has yet to be accepted by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party on Discovery of Elements (JWP).
Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ It is often stated that the term "halogen" was coined by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848): this misconception seems to arise from the first English use of the word, which was in a translation of one of Berzelius' papers in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1832, 2, 219).[2]
References
- ↑ Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry; IUPAC Recommendations 2005; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 2005; pp 51–52. ISBN 0-85404-438-8, <http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf>.
- ↑ Halogen. In A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Oxford University Press, 1901; Vol. 5, p 44.
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 920–21. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
- ↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; Benker, D. E.; Bennett, M. E.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Ezold, J. G.; Hamilton, J. H., et al. Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z = 117. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104 (14), 142502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502.
External links
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See also the corresponding article on Wikipedia. |
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