Difference between revisions of "Data:Electric resistivities of the elements"

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{| class="wikitable"
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{{see|Electric resistivity}}
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Unless otherwise stated, resistivities are taken from Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants<ref>{{Kaye&Laby | contribution = Electrical resistivities | chapter = 2.6.1 | accessdate = 2011-04-04 | url = http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_1.html}}.</ref> while temperature coefficients ((1/''ρ'') d''ρ''/d''T'') are taken from Smithells Metals Reference Book.<ref>{{citation | title = Smithells Metals Reference Book | editor1-first = W. F. | editor1-last = Gale | editor2-first = T. C. | editor2-last = Totemeier | edition = 8th | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | year = 2004 | isbn = 0750675098 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zweHvqOdcs0C&lpg=RA1-PA19&pg=RA1-PA19#v=onepage&f=false | pages = 19-1–19-2}}.</ref>
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 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Element
+
! rowspan=2 | Element
−
! [[Electric resistivity|''ρ'']]<br/>{{overline|10<sup>−8</sup> Ω m}}
+
! rowspan=2 | [[Electric resistivity|''ρ'']]<br/>{{overline|10<sup>−8</sup> Ω m}}
−
! (1/''ρ'') d''ρ''/d''T''<br/>{{overline|10<sup>−3</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>}}
+
! rowspan=2 | (1/''ρ'') d''ρ''/d''T''<br/>{{overline|10<sup>−3</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>}}
−
! [[Electric conductivity|''σ'']]<br/>{{overline|10<sup>8</sup> S m<sup>−1</sup>}}
+
! rowspan=2 | [[Electric conductivity|''σ'']]<br/>{{overline|10<sup>8</sup> S m<sup>−1</sup>}}
 +
! colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Components of ''ρ''/(10<sup>−8</sup> Ω m) parallel to
 +
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Aluminium]] || 2.42 || +4.2 ||
+
! ''c''
 +
! ''a''
 +
! ''b''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Americium]] || 68.9 || || *
+
| [[Aluminium]] || 2.42 || +4.2 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Antimony]] || 39 || +5.1 ||  
+
| [[Americium]] || 68<ref group="note" name="300K">Resistivity and conductivity quoted for 300&nbsp;K (27&nbsp;°C).</ref> || || || colspan=3 | || <ref>{{citation | last1 = Runde | first1 = Wolfgang H. | last2 = Schulz | first2 = Wallace W. | contribution = Americium | title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements | editor1-first = Lester R. | editor1-last = Morss | editor2-first = Norman M. | editor2-last = Edelstein | editor3-first = Jean | editor3-last = Fuger | edition = 3rd | year = 2006 | volume = 2 | publisher = Springer | location = Dordrecht, the Netherlands | chapter = 8 | pages = 1265–1395 | url = http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/actinium.pdf | doi = 10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_8}}.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Arsenic]] || 26 || > 0||  
+
| [[Antimony]] || 39 || +5.1 || || 35.6 || 42.6 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Barium]] || 30.2 || +5.0 ||  
+
| [[Arsenic]] || 26 || > 0|| || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Beryllium]] || 3.02 || +8.0 ||
+
| [[Barium]] || 30.2 || +5.0 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Bismuth]] || 107 || +4.6 ||
+
| [[Beryllium]] || 3.02 || +8.0 || || 3.58 || 3.13 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Cadmium]] || 6.8 || +4.3 ||  
+
| [[Bismuth]] || 107 || +4.6 || || 138 || 109 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Caesium]] || 18.8 || +5.3 ||  
+
| [[Cadmium]] || 6.8 || +4.3 || || 7.79 || 6.54 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Calcium]] || 3.11 || +3.7 ||  
+
| [[Caesium]] || 18.8 || +5.3 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Cerium]] || 73 || +0.9 ||  
+
| [[Calcium]] || 3.11 || +3.7 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Chromium]] || 12.7 || +5.9 ||  
+
| [[Carbon]] || 6{{e|3}} || || || 5{{e|5}} || 500 || || <ref group="note">The bulk isotropic resistivity and conductivity is given for amorphous graphitic carbon; the anisotropic resistivities are given for pyrolytic graphite.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Cobalt]] || 5.6 || +6.6 ||  
+
| [[Cerium]] || 73 || +0.9 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Copper]] || 1.54 || +4.3 ||  
+
| [[Chromium]] || 12.7 || +5.9 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Dysprosium]] || 89 || ||  
+
| [[Cobalt]] || 5.6 || +6.6 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Erbium]] || 81 || ||  
+
| [[Copper]] || 1.54 || +4.3 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Europium]] || 89 || ||  
+
| [[Dysprosium]] || 89 || || || 77.4 || 98.2 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Francium]] || 34 || +7.2 || *
+
| [[Erbium]] || 81 || || || 47.0 || 87.6 ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Gadolinium]] || 126 || ||  
+
| [[Europium]] || 89 || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Gallium]] || 13.6 || ||  
+
| [[Francium]] || 34<ref group="note" name="300K"/> || +7.2 || || colspan=3 | || <ref>{{citation | first = T. C. | last = Chi | title = Electrical resistivity of alkali elements | journal = J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data | year = 1979 | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 339–438 | doi = 10.1063/1.555598}}.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Gold]] || 2.05 || +4.0 ||  
+
| [[Gadolinium]] || 126 || || || 122 || 135 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Hafnium]] || 30.4 || ||  
+
| [[Gallium]] || 13.6 || || || 55.5 || 17.3 || 7.85 ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Holmium]] || 90 || ||  
+
| [[Germanium]] || 4.7{{e|9}} || || || colspan=3 | || <ref name="GeSi">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|page=434}}.</ref><ref group="note" name="semi">The resistivities and conductivities of semiconductors are extremely sensitive to sample purity.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Indium]] || 8.0 || +5.2 ||  
+
| [[Gold]] || 2.05 || +4.0 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Iridium]] || 4.7 || +4.5 ||  
+
| [[Hafnium]] || 30.4 || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Iron]] || 8.57 || +6.5 ||  
+
| [[Holmium]] || 90 || || || 59.9 || 101.2 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Lanthanum]] || 54 || +2.2 ||  
+
| [[Indium]] || 8.0 || +5.2 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Lead]] || 19.2 || +4.2 ||  
+
| [[Iridium]] || 4.7 || +4.5 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Lithium]] || 8.53 || +4.0 ||  
+
| [[Iron]] || 8.57 || +6.5 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Lutetium]] || 54 || ||  
+
| [[Lanthanum]] || 54 || +2.2 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Magnesium]] || 4.05 || +3.7 ||  
+
| [[Lead]] || 19.2 || +4.2 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Manganese]] || 143 || +0.4 ||  
+
| [[Lithium]] || 8.53 || +4.0 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Mercury]] || 94.1 || +1.0 ||  
+
| [[Lutetium]] || 54 || || || 34.0 || 75.6 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Molybdenum]] || 4.85 || +4.35 ||  
+
| [[Magnesium]] || 4.05 || +3.7 || || 3.78 || 4.53 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Neodymium]] || 63 || ||  
+
| [[Manganese]] || 143 || +0.4 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Neptunium]] || 119.3 || || (100°C)
+
| [[Mercury]] || 94.1 || +1.0 || || 17.7 || 23.5 || || <ref group="note">The isotropic resistivity and temperature coefficient are given for liquid mercury at 0&nbsp;°C; the anisotropic resistivity is given for crystalline mercury at 227.7&nbsp;K (−45.5&nbsp;°C).</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Nickel]] || 6.16 || +6.8 ||  
+
| [[Molybdenum]] || 4.85 || +4.35 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Niobium]] || 15.2 || +2.6 ||  
+
| [[Neodymium]] || 63 || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Osmium]] || 8.1 || +4.1 ||  
+
| [[Neptunium]] || 119.3<ref group="note" name="373K">Resistivity and conductivity quoted for 373&nbsp;K (100&nbsp;°C).</ref> || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Palladium]] || 9.8 || +4.2 ||  
+
| [[Nickel]] || 6.16 || +6.8 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Platinum]] || 9.81 || +3.9 ||  
+
| [[Niobium]] || 15.2 || +2.6 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Plutonium]] || 146 || < 0 ||  
+
| [[Osmium]] || 8.1 || +4.1 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Polonium]] || 40 || ||  
+
| [[Palladium]] || 9.8 || +4.2 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Potassium]] || 6.49 || +6.0 ||  
+
| [[Platinum]] || 9.81 || +3.9 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Praseodymium]] || 65 || ||  
+
| [[Plutonium]] || 146 || < 0 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Promethium]] || 50 || ||  
+
| [[Polonium]] || 40<ref group="note">The temperature of macroscopic samples of polonium can only be approximately measured and controlled because of substantial radioactive self-heating.</ref> || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Protactinium]] || 17.7 || ||  
+
| [[Potassium]] || 6.49 || +6.0 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Radium]] || 88 || +6.5 || *
+
| [[Praseodymium]] || 65 || || || colspan=3 | ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Rhenium]] || 17.2 || +4.5 ||  
+
| [[Promethium]] || 50 || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Rhodium]] || 4.3 || +4.4 ||  
+
| [[Protactinium]] || 17.7 || || || colspan=3 | || <ref>{{citation | first1 = R. O. A. | last1 = Hall | first2 = J. A. | last2 = Lee | first3 = M. J. | last3 = Mortimer | title = The electrical resistivity of protactinium metal | journal = J. Low Temp. Phys. | year = 1977 | volume = 27 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 305–11 | doi = 10.1007/BF00654651}}.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Rubidium]] || 11.5 || +6.3 ||  
+
| [[Radium]] || 88<ref group="note" name="300K"/> || +6.5 || || colspan=3 | || <ref>{{citation | first = T. C. | last = Chi | title = Electrical resistivity of alkaline earth elements | journal = J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data | year = 1979 | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 439–97 | doi = 10.1063/1.555599}}.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Ruthenium]] || 7.1 || +4.1 ||  
+
| [[Rhenium]] || 17.2 || +4.5 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Samarium]] || 91.4 || ||  
+
| [[Rhodium]] || 4.3 || +4.4 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Silver]] || 1.47 || +4.1 ||  
+
| [[Rubidium]] || 11.5 || +6.3 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Sodium]] || 4.33 || +5.3 ||  
+
| [[Ruthenium]] || 7.1 || +4.1 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Strontium]] || 12.3 || +3.2 ||  
+
| [[Samarium]] || 91.4 || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Tantalum]] || 12.2 || +3.5 ||  
+
| [[Selenium]] || 1{{e|7}} || || || colspan=3 | || <ref group="note" name="semi"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Technetium]] || 22.6 || || (100 °C)
+
| [[Silicon]] || 4.8{{e|9}} || || || colspan=3 | || <ref name="GeSi"/><ref group="note" name="semi"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Terbium]] || 113 || ||  
+
| [[Silver]] || 1.47 || +4.1 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Thallium]] || 15 || +5.2 ||  
+
| [[Sodium]] || 4.33 || +5.3 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Thorium]] || 14.7 || +4.0 ||  
+
| [[Strontium]] || 12.3 || +3.2 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Thulium]] || 67 || ||  
+
| [[Tantalum]] || 12.2 || +3.5 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Tin]] || 11.5 || ||  
+
| [[Technetium]] || 22.6<ref group="note" name="373K"/> || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Titanium]] || 39 || +4.6 ||  
+
| [[Tellurium]] || 3{{e|5}} || || || 56{{e|3}} || 15.4{{e|3}} || || <ref group="note" name="semi"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Tungsten]] || 4.82 || +3.8 ||  
+
| [[Terbium]] || 113 || || || 101 || 122 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Uranium]] || 28 || +2.5 ||  
+
| [[Thallium]] || 15 || +5.2 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Vanadium]] || 18.1 || +3.9 ||  
+
| [[Thorium]] || 14.7 || +4.0 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Ytterbium]] || 27.7 || ||  
+
| [[Thulium]] || 67 || || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Yttrium]] || 55 || ||  
+
| [[Tin]] || 11.5 || || || 13.1 || 10.0 || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Zinc]] || 5.48 || +4.2 ||  
+
| [[Titanium]] || 39 || +4.6 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Zirconium]] || 38.8 || +4.4 ||  
+
| [[Tungsten]] || 4.82 || +3.8 || || colspan=3 | ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[Uranium]] || 28 || +2.5 || || colspan=3 | ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[Vanadium]] || 18.1 || +3.9 || || colspan=3 | ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[Ytterbium]] || 27.7 || || || colspan=3 | ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[Yttrium]] || 55 || || || colspan=3 | ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[Zinc]] || 5.48 || +4.2 || || 6.05 || 5.83 || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[Zirconium]] || 38.8 || +4.4 || || colspan=3 | ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
Unless otherwise stated, resistivities are taken from Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants<ref>{{Kaye&Laby | contribution = Electrical resistivities | chapter = 2.6.1 | accessdate = 2011-04-04 | url = http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_1.html}}.</ref> while temperature coefficients ((1/''ρ'') d''ρ''/d''T'') are taken from Smithells Metals Reference Book.<ref>{{citation | title = Smithells Metals Reference Book | editor1-first = W. F. | editor1-last = Gale | editor2-first = T. C. | editor2-last = Totemeier | edition = 8th | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | year = 2004 | isbn = 0750675098 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zweHvqOdcs0C&lpg=RA1-PA19&pg=RA1-PA19#v=onepage&f=false | pages = 19-1–19-2}}.</ref>
+
==Notes==
 +
{{reflist|group=note}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 10:16, 14 April 2011

Further information: Electric resistivity

Unless otherwise stated, resistivities are taken from Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants[1] while temperature coefficients ((1/ρ) dρ/dT) are taken from Smithells Metals Reference Book.[2]

Element ρ
10−8 Ω m 		(1/ρ) dρ/dT
10−3 K−1 		σ
108 S m−1 		Components of ρ/(10−8 Ω m) parallel to Ref.
c a b
Aluminium 2.42 +4.2
Americium 68[note 1] [3]
Antimony 39 +5.1 35.6 42.6
Arsenic 26 > 0
Barium 30.2 +5.0
Beryllium 3.02 +8.0 3.58 3.13
Bismuth 107 +4.6 138 109
Cadmium 6.8 +4.3 7.79 6.54
Caesium 18.8 +5.3
Calcium 3.11 +3.7
Carbon 6 × 103 5 × 105 500 [note 2]
Cerium 73 +0.9
Chromium 12.7 +5.9
Cobalt 5.6 +6.6
Copper 1.54 +4.3
Dysprosium 89 77.4 98.2
Erbium 81 47.0 87.6
Europium 89
Francium 34[note 1] +7.2 [4]
Gadolinium 126 122 135
Gallium 13.6 55.5 17.3 7.85
Germanium 4.7 × 109 [5][note 3]
Gold 2.05 +4.0
Hafnium 30.4
Holmium 90 59.9 101.2
Indium 8.0 +5.2
Iridium 4.7 +4.5
Iron 8.57 +6.5
Lanthanum 54 +2.2
Lead 19.2 +4.2
Lithium 8.53 +4.0
Lutetium 54 34.0 75.6
Magnesium 4.05 +3.7 3.78 4.53
Manganese 143 +0.4
Mercury 94.1 +1.0 17.7 23.5 [note 4]
Molybdenum 4.85 +4.35
Neodymium 63
Neptunium 119.3[note 5]
Nickel 6.16 +6.8
Niobium 15.2 +2.6
Osmium 8.1 +4.1
Palladium 9.8 +4.2
Platinum 9.81 +3.9
Plutonium 146 < 0
Polonium 40[note 6]
Potassium 6.49 +6.0
Praseodymium 65
Promethium 50
Protactinium 17.7 [6]
Radium 88[note 1] +6.5 [7]
Rhenium 17.2 +4.5
Rhodium 4.3 +4.4
Rubidium 11.5 +6.3
Ruthenium 7.1 +4.1
Samarium 91.4
Selenium 1 × 107 [note 3]
Silicon 4.8 × 109 [5][note 3]
Silver 1.47 +4.1
Sodium 4.33 +5.3
Strontium 12.3 +3.2
Tantalum 12.2 +3.5
Technetium 22.6[note 5]
Tellurium 3 × 105 56 × 103 15.4 × 103 [note 3]
Terbium 113 101 122
Thallium 15 +5.2
Thorium 14.7 +4.0
Thulium 67
Tin 11.5 13.1 10.0
Titanium 39 +4.6
Tungsten 4.82 +3.8
Uranium 28 +2.5
Vanadium 18.1 +3.9
Ytterbium 27.7
Yttrium 55
Zinc 5.48 +4.2 6.05 5.83
Zirconium 38.8 +4.4

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Resistivity and conductivity quoted for 300 K (27 °C).
  2. ↑ The bulk isotropic resistivity and conductivity is given for amorphous graphitic carbon; the anisotropic resistivities are given for pyrolytic graphite.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The resistivities and conductivities of semiconductors are extremely sensitive to sample purity.
  4. ↑ The isotropic resistivity and temperature coefficient are given for liquid mercury at 0 °C; the anisotropic resistivity is given for crystalline mercury at 227.7 K (−45.5 °C).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Resistivity and conductivity quoted for 373 K (100 °C).
  6. ↑ The temperature of macroscopic samples of polonium can only be approximately measured and controlled because of substantial radioactive self-heating.

References

  1. ↑ Electrical resistivities. In Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, 16th ed., 1995; Chapter 2.6.1, <http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_1.html>. (accessed 4 April 2011).
  2. ↑ Smithells Metals Reference Book, 8th ed.; Gale, W. F.; Totemeier, T. C., Eds.; Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004; pp 19-1–19-2. ISBN 0750675098, <http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zweHvqOdcs0C&lpg=RA1-PA19&pg=RA1-PA19#v=onepage&f=false>.
  3. ↑ Runde, Wolfgang H.; Schulz, Wallace W. Americium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 2, Chapter 8, pp 1265–1395. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_8, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/actinium.pdf>.
  4. ↑ Chi, T. C. Electrical resistivity of alkali elements. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1979, 8 (2), 339–438. DOI: 10.1063/1.555598.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; p 434. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
  6. ↑ Hall, R. O. A.; Lee, J. A.; Mortimer, M. J. The electrical resistivity of protactinium metal. J. Low Temp. Phys. 1977, 27 (1–2), 305–11. DOI: 10.1007/BF00654651.
  7. ↑ Chi, T. C. Electrical resistivity of alkaline earth elements. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1979, 8 (2), 439–97. DOI: 10.1063/1.555599.
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