Difference between revisions of "Lithium"

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|melting-point = 179 °C (452 K)
 
|melting-point = 179 °C (452 K)
 
|boiling-point = 1317 °C (1590 K)
 
|boiling-point = 1317 °C (1590 K)
−
|chem-ref = <ref>{{citation | first = A. L. | last = Allred | title = Electronegativity values from thermochemical data | journal = J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. | year = 1961 | volume = 17 | issue = 3–4 | page = 215–21 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5}}.</ref>
+
|chem-ref = <ref>{{Allred (1961)}}.</ref>
 
|electronegativity = 0.98 (Pauling)
 
|electronegativity = 0.98 (Pauling)
 
|solubility = reacts violently
 
|solubility = reacts violently
−
|IE-ref = <ref name="NIST"/><ref>{{RubberBible62nd|page=E-65}}.</ref>
+
|IE-ref = <ref>{{NSRDS-NBS 34}}.</ref>
−
|IE1 = 5.39172 eV<br/>520.222 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
+
|IE1 = 5.391 718 96(64) eV<br/>517.658 593(60) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|IE2 = 75.638 eV<br/>7298.0 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|IE2 = 75.638 eV<br/>7298.0 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|IE3 = 122.451 eV<br/>11 814.7 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|IE3 = 122.451 eV<br/>11 814.7 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|IE-total = 203.481 eV<br/>19 632.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|IE-total = 203.481 eV<br/>19 632.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
−
|EA-ref = <ref name="NIST"/><ref>{{citation | last1 = Haeffler | first1 = Gunnar | last2 = Hanstorp | first2 = Dag | last3 = Kiyan | first3 = Igor | last4 = Klinkmüller | first4 = Andreas E. | last5 = Ljungblad | first5 = Ulric | last6 = Pegg | first6 = David J. | title = Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement | journal = Phys. Rev. A | year = 1996 | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 4127–31 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127}}.</ref>
+
|EA-ref = <ref>{{citation | last1 = Hotop | first1 = H. | last2 = Lineberger | first2 = W. C. | title = Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II | journal = J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data | year = 1985 | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 731–50 | doi = 10.1063/1.555735}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Dellwo | first1 = J. | last2 = Liu | first2 = Y. | last3 = Pegg | first3 = D. J. | last4 = Alton | first4 = G. D. | title = Near-Threshold Photodetachment of the Li<sup>−</sup> Ion | journal = Phys. Rev. A | year = 1992 | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 1544–47 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.1544}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Haeffler | first1 = G. | last2 = Hanstorp | first2 = G. | last3 = Kiyan | first3 = I. | last4 = Klinkmüller | first4 = A. E. | last5 = Ljungblad | first5 = U. | last6 = Pegg | first6 = D. J. | title = Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement | journal = Phys. Rev. A | year = 1996 | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 4127–31 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127}}.</ref>
−
|EA1 = 0.618069(44) eV<br/>59.6346(42) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
+
|EA1 = 0.618 050(74) eV<br/>59.6328(72) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|thermo-ref = <ref name="NIST"/><ref>{{CODATA thermo}}.</ref>
 
|thermo-ref = <ref name="NIST"/><ref>{{CODATA thermo}}.</ref>
 
|entropy = 29.12(20) J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|entropy = 29.12(20) J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
Line 27: Line 27:
 
|entropy-atomization = 138.782(10) J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|entropy-atomization = 138.782(10) J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|enthalpy-fusion = 2.38 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
 
|enthalpy-fusion = 2.38 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
−
|radius-ref = &#32;<ref>{{citation | first1 = Beatriz | last1 = Cordero | first2 = Verónica | last2 = Gómez | first3 = Ana E. | last3 = Platero-Prats | first4 = Marc | last4 = Revés | first5 = Jorge | last5 = Echeverría | first6 = Eduard | last6 = Cremades | first7 = Flavia | last7 = Barragán | first8 = Santiago | last8 = Alvarez | title = Covalent radii revisited | journal = Dalton Trans. | year = 2008 | issue = 5 | pages = 2832–38 | doi = 10.1039/b801115j}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Shannon | first = R. D. | title = Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halids and chalcogenides | journal = Acta Crystallogr. A | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 751–67 | year = 1976 | doi = 10.1107/S0567739476001551}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | first = A. | last = Bondi | title = van der Waals Volumes and Radii | journal = J. Phys. Chem. | year = 1964 | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 441–51 | doi = 10.1021/j100785a001}}.</ref>
+
|radius-ref = &#32;<ref>{{Cordero et al. (2008)}}.</ref><ref>{{Shannon (1976)}}.</ref><ref>{{Bondi (1964)}}.</ref>
 
|covalent-radius = 128 pm
 
|covalent-radius = 128 pm
 
|vdw-radius = 182 pm
 
|vdw-radius = 182 pm

Revision as of 18:50, 21 September 2010

helium ← lithium → beryllium
H
↑
Li
↓
Na
Atomic properties
Atomic number 3
Standard atomic weight 6.941(2)[note 1]
Electron configuration 1s2 2s1
Physical properties[1]
Melting point 179 °C (452 K)
Boiling point 1317 °C (1590 K)
Chemical properties[2]
Electronegativity 0.98 (Pauling)
Solubility in water reacts violently
Ionization energies[3]
1st 5.391 718 96(64) eV
517.658 593(60) kJ mol−1
2nd 75.638 eV
7298.0 kJ mol−1
3rd 122.451 eV
11 814.7 kJ mol−1
Total 203.481 eV
19 632.9 kJ mol−1
Electron affinity[4][5][6]
0.618 050(74) eV
59.6328(72) kJ mol−1
Atomic radii [7][8][9]
Covalent radius 128 pm
Ionic radius 73.0 pm (Li+, Td)
Van der Waals radius 182 pm
Thermodynamic properties[1][10]
Standard entropy 29.12(20) J K−1 mol−1
Enthalpy change of atomization 159.3(10) kJ mol−1
Entropy change of atomization 138.782(10) J K−1 mol−1
Enthalpy change of fusion 2.38 kJ mol−1
Hazards[11]
GHS pictograms Water-react. 1Skin Corr. 1B
GHS signal word DANGER
GHS hazard statements H260, H314 [note 2]
Miscellaneous
CAS number 7439-93-2
EC number 231-102-5
Where appropriate, and unless otherwise stated, data are given for 100 kPa (1 bar) and 298.15 K (25 °C).
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Lithium (symbol: Li) is a chemical element, the lightest of the alkali metals.

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Commercially available lithium materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material.
  2. ↑ Within the European Union, the following additional hazard statement (EUH014) must also be displayed on labelling: Reacts violently with water.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lithium. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/Li>. (accessed 20 June 2010).
  2. ↑ Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
  3. ↑ Moore, Charlotte E. Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra. Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.) 1970, 34, 1–22, <http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS34.pdf>.
  4. ↑ Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W. C. Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1985, 14 (3), 731–50. DOI: 10.1063/1.555735.
  5. ↑ Dellwo, J.; Liu, Y.; Pegg, D. J.; Alton, G. D. Near-Threshold Photodetachment of the Li− Ion. Phys. Rev. A 1992, 45 (3), 1544–47. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.1544.
  6. ↑ Haeffler, G.; Hanstorp, G.; Kiyan, I.; Klinkmüller, A. E.; Ljungblad, U.; Pegg, D. J. Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement. Phys. Rev. A 1996, 53 (6), 4127–31. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127.
  7. ↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
  8. ↑ Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halids and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 1976, 32 (5), 751–67. DOI: 10.1107/S0567739476001551.
  9. ↑ Bondi, A. van der Waals Volumes and Radii. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68 (3), 441–51. DOI: 10.1021/j100785a001.
  10. ↑ Cox, J. D.; Wagman, D. D.; Medvedev, V. A. CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics; Hemisphere: New York, 1989. ISBN 0891167587, <http://www.codata.org/resources/databases/key1.html>.
  11. ↑ Index no. 003-001-00-4 of Annex VI, Part 3, to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEU L353, 31.12.2008, pp 1–1355 at p 340.

External links

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