Difference between revisions of "Fermium"
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|atomic-number = 100 | |atomic-number = 100 | ||
|configuration = [Rn] 5f<sup>12</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> | |configuration = [Rn] 5f<sup>12</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> | ||
| − | |phys-ref = <ref name="H&G">{{citation | last1 = Haire | first1 = Richard G. | last2 = Gibson | first2 = John K. | year = 1989 | title = The enthalpy of sublimation and thermodynamic functions of fermium | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 91 | issue = 11 | pages = 7085–96 | doi = 10.1063/1.457326}}.</ref> | + | |phys-ref = <ref name="H&G">{{citation | last1 = Haire | first1 = Richard G. | last2 = Gibson | first2 = John K. | year = 1989 | title = The enthalpy of sublimation and thermodynamic functions of fermium | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 91 | issue = 11 | pages = 7085–96 | doi = 10.1063/1.457326}}.</ref><ref group="Note" name="est">Many of the properties of fermium are only known through estimation and/or extrapolation. The melting point and metallic radius were estimated on the basis of the enthalpy change of atomization and comparison with divalent lanthanoids; the electronegativity was estimated on the basis of periodic trends; the ionic radius was estimated from the behaviour of Fm<sup>3+</sup> α-hydroxyisobutyrate (α-HIB) complexes on ion exchange complexes, and agrees well with theoretical calculations. The lectron configuration and thermodynamic properties are directly measured.</ref> |
| − | |melting-point = 1125 K (850 °C) | + | |melting-point = 1125 K (850 °C) |
|density = | |density = | ||
| − | |chem-ref = | + | |chem-ref = <ref group="Note" name="est"/> |
| − | |electronegativity = 1.3 (Pauling) | + | |electronegativity = 1.3 (Pauling) |
|IE-ref = | |IE-ref = | ||
|IE1 = 6.50 eV<br/>627 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | |IE1 = 6.50 eV<br/>627 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | ||
| − | |radius-ref = <ref name="H&G"/><ref>{{citation | last1 = David | first1 = F. | last2 = Samhoun | first2 = K. | last3 = Guillaumont | first3 = R. | last4 = Edelstein | first4 = N. | year = 1978 | title = Thermodynamic properties of 5''f'' elements | journal = J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–74 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(78)80309-1}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Brüchle | first1 = W. | last2 = Schädel | first2 = M. | last3 = Scherer | first3 = U. W. | last4 = Kratz | first4 = J. V. | last5 = Gregorich | first5 = K. E. | last6 = Lee | first6 = D. | last7 = Nurmia | first7 = M. | last8 = Chasteler | first8 = R. M. | last9 = Hall | first9 = H. L. | last10 = Henderson | first10 = R. A. | last11 = Hoffman | first11 = D. C. | year = 1988 | title = The hydration enthalpies of Md<sup>3+</sup> and Lr<sup>3+</sup> | journal = Inorg. Chim. Acta | volume = 146 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–76 | doi = 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80619-2}}.</ref> | + | |radius-ref = <ref name="H&G"/><ref>{{citation | last1 = David | first1 = F. | last2 = Samhoun | first2 = K. | last3 = Guillaumont | first3 = R. | last4 = Edelstein | first4 = N. | year = 1978 | title = Thermodynamic properties of 5''f'' elements | journal = J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–74 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(78)80309-1}}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Brüchle | first1 = W. | last2 = Schädel | first2 = M. | last3 = Scherer | first3 = U. W. | last4 = Kratz | first4 = J. V. | last5 = Gregorich | first5 = K. E. | last6 = Lee | first6 = D. | last7 = Nurmia | first7 = M. | last8 = Chasteler | first8 = R. M. | last9 = Hall | first9 = H. L. | last10 = Henderson | first10 = R. A. | last11 = Hoffman | first11 = D. C. | year = 1988 | title = The hydration enthalpies of Md<sup>3+</sup> and Lr<sup>3+</sup> | journal = Inorg. Chim. Acta | volume = 146 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–76 | doi = 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80619-2}}.</ref><ref group="Note" name="est"/> |
| − | |metallic-radius = 196 pm | + | |metallic-radius = 196 pm |
| − | |ionic-radius = 92 pm (Fm<sup>3+</sup>) | + | |ionic-radius = 92 pm (Fm<sup>3+</sup>) |
|thermo-ref = <ref name="H&G"/> | |thermo-ref = <ref name="H&G"/> | ||
|enthalpy-atomization = 142(13) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | |enthalpy-atomization = 142(13) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | ||
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Fermium (symbol: Fm) is a synthetic chemical element and a member of the actinoid series. It is the heaviest element than can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities.
Contents
Discovery
Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Many of the properties of fermium are only known through estimation and/or extrapolation. The melting point and metallic radius were estimated on the basis of the enthalpy change of atomization and comparison with divalent lanthanoids; the electronegativity was estimated on the basis of periodic trends; the ionic radius was estimated from the behaviour of Fm3+ α-hydroxyisobutyrate (α-HIB) complexes on ion exchange complexes, and agrees well with theoretical calculations. The lectron configuration and thermodynamic properties are directly measured.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Haire, Richard G.; Gibson, John K. The enthalpy of sublimation and thermodynamic functions of fermium. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 91 (11), 7085–96. DOI: 10.1063/1.457326.
- ↑ David, F.; Samhoun, K.; Guillaumont, R.; Edelstein, N. Thermodynamic properties of 5f elements. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1978, 40 (1), 69–74. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(78)80309-1.
- ↑ Brüchle, W.; Schädel, M.; Scherer, U. W.; Kratz, J. V.; Gregorich, K. E.; Lee, D.; Nurmia, M.; Chasteler, R. M., et al. The hydration enthalpies of Md3+ and Lr3+. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1988, 146 (2), 267–76. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80619-2.
Further reading
- Hulet, E. K. Chemistry of the Heaviest Actinides: Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium. In Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry and Spectroscopy; Edelstein, Norman M., Ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.; Chapter 12, pp 239–63. ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 131. ISBN 9780841205680. DOI: 10.1021/bk-1980-0131.ch012.
- Silva, Robert J. Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, 2006; Vol. 3, Chapter 13, pp 1621–51. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Fm%20to%20Lr.pdf>
External links
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See also the corresponding article on Wikipedia. |
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