Difference between revisions of "Carbon"

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'''Carbon''' (symbol:'''C''') is a [[chemical element]].
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{{Infobox element
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|name = carbon
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|symbol = C
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|left = [[boron]]
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|right = [[nitrogen]]
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|above = —
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|below = [[Silicon|Si]]
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|atomic-number = 6
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|atomic-weight = 12.0107(8)
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|configuration = [He] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup>
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|phys-ref = <ref name="NIST">{{NIST chemistry | name = Carbon | id = 1S/C | accessdate = 2010-09-22}}.</ref><ref name="G&E">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=296–378}}.</ref><ref group="Note" name="graphite">All values are for [[graphite]].</ref>
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|melting-point = ''ca.'' 3800&nbsp;°C (4100&nbsp;K) at 9&nbsp;kbar
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|sublimation-point = ''ca.'' 3850&nbsp;°C (4150&nbsp;K)
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|density = 2.266 g cm<sup>−3</sup> (20&nbsp;°C)<ref group="Note">This is an idealized value for the density of graphite: real samples have lower densities because of crystal defects.</ref>
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|resistivity = 40–500 µΩ cm (basal plane)<br/>0.2–1.0 Ω cm (''c''-direction)
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|chem-ref = <ref name="G&E"/><ref>{{Allred (1961)}}.</ref>
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|electronegativity = 2.55 (Pauling)
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|solubility = insoluble, unreactive
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|IE-ref = <ref>{{NSRDS-NBS 34}}.</ref>
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|IE1 = 11.260 296(12) eV<br/>796.6930(12) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|IE2 = 24.383 eV<br/>2352.6 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|IE3 = 47.887 eV<br/>4620.4 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|IE4 = 64.492 eV<br/>6222.5 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|IE5 = 392.077 eV<br/>37 829.7 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|IE6 = 489.981 eV<br/>47 276.0 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|IE-total = 1030.080 eV<br/>99 387.6 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|EA-ref = <ref>{{citation | last1 = Scheer | first1 = Michael | last2 = Bilodeau | first2 = René C. | last3 = Brodie | first3 = Cicely. A. | last4 = Haugen | first4 = Harold K. | title = Systematic study of the stable states of C<sup>−</sup>, Si<sup>−</sup>, Ge<sup>−</sup>, and Sn<sup>−</sup> via infrared laser spectroscopy | journal = Phys. Rev. A | year = 1998 | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 2844–56 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2844}}.</ref>
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|EA1 = 1.262 119(20) eV<br/>121.7760(19) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|radius-ref = <ref>{{Cordero et al. (2008)}}.</ref><ref>{{Bondi (1964)}}.</ref>
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|covalent-radius = 76 pm (sp<sup>3</sup>); 73&nbsp;pm&nbsp;(sp<sup>2</sup>); 69&nbsp;pm&nbsp;(sp)
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|vdw-radius = 170 pm
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|thermo-ref = <ref>{{CODATA thermo}}.</ref><ref group="Note" name="graphite"/>
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|entropy = 5.74(10) J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|enthalpy-atomization = 716.68(45) kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|entropy-atomization = 152.36(10) J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
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|CAS-number = 7440-44-0
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|EC-number = 231-153-3
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|StdInChIkey = OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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}}
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'''Carbon''' (symbol: '''C''') is a [[chemical element]].
  
 
==Notes and references==
 
==Notes and references==

Latest revision as of 20:01, 21 September 2010

boron ← carbon → nitrogen
—
↑
C
↓
Si
Atomic properties
Atomic number 6
Standard atomic weight 12.0107(8)
Electron configuration [He] 2s2 2p2
Physical properties[1][2][Note 2]
Melting point ca. 3800 °C (4100 K) at 9 kbar
Sublimation point ca. 3850 °C (4150 K)
Density 2.266 g cm−3 (20 °C)[Note 1]
Electric resistivity 40–500 µΩ cm (basal plane)
0.2–1.0 Ω cm (c-direction)
Chemical properties[2][3]
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling)
Solubility in water insoluble, unreactive
Ionization energies[4]
1st 11.260 296(12) eV
796.6930(12) kJ mol−1
2nd 24.383 eV
2352.6 kJ mol−1
3rd 47.887 eV
4620.4 kJ mol−1
4th 64.492 eV
6222.5 kJ mol−1
5th 392.077 eV
37 829.7 kJ mol−1
6th 489.981 eV
47 276.0 kJ mol−1
Total 1030.080 eV
99 387.6 kJ mol−1
Electron affinity[5]
1.262 119(20) eV
121.7760(19) kJ mol−1
Atomic radii[6][7]
Covalent radius 76 pm (sp3); 73 pm (sp2); 69 pm (sp)
Van der Waals radius 170 pm
Thermodynamic properties[8][Note 2]
Standard entropy 5.74(10) J K−1 mol−1
Enthalpy change of atomization 716.68(45) kJ mol−1
Entropy change of atomization 152.36(10) J K−1 mol−1
Miscellaneous
CAS number 7440-44-0
EC number 231-153-3
Where appropriate, and unless otherwise stated, data are given for 100 kPa (1 bar) and 298.15 K (25 °C).
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Carbon (symbol: C) is a chemical element.

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ This is an idealized value for the density of graphite: real samples have lower densities because of crystal defects.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 All values are for graphite.

References

  1. ↑ Carbon. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C>. (accessed 22 September 2010).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 296–378. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
  3. ↑ Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
  4. ↑ Moore, Charlotte E. Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra. Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.) 1970, 34, 1–22, <http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS34.pdf>.
  5. ↑ Scheer, Michael; Bilodeau, René C.; Brodie, Cicely. A.; Haugen, Harold K. Systematic study of the stable states of C−, Si−, Ge−, and Sn− via infrared laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 1998, 58 (4), 2844–56. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2844.
  6. ↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
  7. ↑ Bondi, A. van der Waals Volumes and Radii. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68 (3), 441–51. DOI: 10.1021/j100785a001.
  8. ↑ Cox, J. D.; Wagman, D. D.; Medvedev, V. A. CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics; Hemisphere: New York, 1989. ISBN 0891167587, <http://www.codata.org/resources/databases/key1.html>.

External links

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