Sulfur

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phosphorussulfurchlorine
O

S

Se
Appearance
Lemon yellow crystals.
Sulfur.jpg
General
Name, symbol, number sulfur, S, 16
Element category nonmetal
Group, period, block 163, p
Standard atomic weight 32.065(5)g/mol
Electron configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p4
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 6 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) (alpha) 2.07 g/cm3
Density (near r.t.) (beta) 1.96 g/cm3
Density (near r.t.) (gamma) 1.92 g/cm3
Liquid density at m.p. 1.819 g/cm3
Melting point 388.36 K, 115.21 °C, 239.38 °F
Boiling point 717.8 K, 444.6 °C, 832.3 °F
Critical point 1314 K, 20.7 MPa
Heat of fusion (mono) 1.727 kJ/mol1
Heat of vaporization (mono) 45 kJ/mol1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 22.75 J K−1 mol−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 375 408 449 508 591 717
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)
1st: 999.6 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 2252 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3357 kJ·mol−1
Covalent radius 105±3 pm
Van der Waals radius 180 pm
Miscellaneous
Crystal structure orthorhombic
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[1]
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) (amorphous)
2×1015Ω·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) (amorphous)
0.205 W·m−1·K−1
Bulk modulus 7.7 GPa
Mohs hardness 2.0
CAS registry number 7704-34-9
EC number 231-722-6
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of sulfur
iso N.A. half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
32S 95.02% 32S is stable with 16 neutrons
33S 0.75% 33S is stable with 17 neutrons
34S 4.21% 34S is stable with 18 neutrons
35S syn 87.32 d β 0.167 35Cl
36S 0.02% 36S is stable with 20 neutrons
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Sulfur or sulphur (Template:Pron-en, see spelling below) is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur in its native form is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life and is found in two amino acids, cysteine and methionine. Its commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers, but it is also widely used in black gunpowder, matches, insecticides and fungicides. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes. In nonscientific context it can also be referred to as brimstone.


References

Leslie KS, Millington GWM, Levell NJ. (2004) Sulphur and skin: from Satan to Saddam! J Cosm Dermatol 3: 94-98.

External links


Template:Acne Agents

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