Plutonium (symbol: Pu) is a chemical element, a member of the actinoid series. All isotopes of neptunium are unstable, with half-lives of less than 81 million years:[9] any plutonium that was present at the formation of the Solar System has long since decayed, although trace amounts of plutonium are naturally formed by the capture of neutrons by uranium-238.[10] Apart from these traces, plutonium is prepared artificially in nuclear reactors: about 2000 tonnes of plutonium has been prepared in this way.[11]
Plutonium was first prepared in 1940 by Glenn Seaborg and Edwin McMillan at the University of California Radiation Laboratory, by the deuteron bombardment of uranium-238.[12] It was named after the planet Pluto, by analogy with uranium, named after the planet Uranus, and neptunium, named after the planet Neptune.[13]
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clark, David L.; Hecker, Siegfried S.; Jarvinen, Gordon D.; Neu, Mary P. Plutonium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 2, Chapter 7, pp 813–1264. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_7, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/plutonium.pdf>.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 1450–86. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
- ↑ Electrical resistivities. In Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, 16th ed., 1995; Chapter 2.6.1, <http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_1.html>. (accessed 4 April 2011).
- ↑ Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
- ↑ Köhler, S.; Deißenberger, R.; Eberhardt, K.; Erdmann, N.; Herrmann, G.; Huber, G.; Kratz, J. V.; Nunnemann, M., et al. Determination of the first ionization potential of actinide elements by resonance ionization mass spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 1997, 52 (6), 717–26. DOI: 10.1016/S0584-8547(96)01670-9.
- ↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
- ↑ Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halids and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 1976, 32 (5), 751–67. DOI: 10.1107/S0567739476001551.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. H. The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nucl. Phys. A 2003, 729, 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, <http://amdc.in2p3.fr/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf>.
- ↑ Peppard, D. F.; Mason, G. W.; Gray, P. R.; Mech, J. F. Occurrence of the (4n + 1) Series in Nature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 6081–84. DOI: 10.1021/ja01143a074.
- ↑ Albright, D. and Kramer, K. (2004) B. Atom. Sci., 60(6), 14–16.
- ↑ Seaborg, G. T., Wahl, A. C., and Kennedy, J. W. (1946) Phys. Rev., 69, 367.
- ↑ Seaborg, G. T. and Wahl, A. C. (1948) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70(3), 1128–34.
Further reading
- Lemire, R. J.; Fuger, J.; Nitsche, H.; Potter, P.; Rand, M. H.; Rydberg, J.; Spahiu, K.; Sullivan, J. C., et al. Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2001. ISBN 044450379X.
External links
