Carbon

Atomic properties
Atomic number	6
Standard atomic weight	12.0107(8)
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Physical properties
Melting point	ca. 3800 °C (4100 K) at 9 kbar
Sublimation point	ca. 3850 °C (4150 K)
Density	2.266 g cm−3 (20 °C)
Electric resistivity	40–500 µΩ cm (basal plane); 0.2–1.0 Ω cm (c-direction)
Chemical properties
Electronegativity	2.55 (Pauling)
Solubility in water	insoluble, unreactive
Ionization energies
1st	11.260 296(12) eV; 796.6930(12) kJ mol−1
2nd	24.383 eV; 2352.6 kJ mol−1
3rd	47.887 eV; 4620.4 kJ mol−1
4th	64.492 eV; 6222.5 kJ mol−1
5th	392.077 eV; 37 829.7 kJ mol−1
6th	489.981 eV; 47 276.0 kJ mol−1
Total	1030.080 eV; 99 387.6 kJ mol−1
Electron affinity
	1.262 119(20) eV; 121.7760(19) kJ mol−1
Atomic radii
Covalent radius	76 pm (sp3); 73 pm (sp2); 69 pm (sp)
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Thermodynamic properties
Standard entropy	5.74(10) J K−1 mol−1
Enthalpy change of atomization	716.68(45) kJ mol−1
Entropy change of atomization	152.36(10) J K−1 mol−1
Miscellaneous
CAS number	7440-44-0
EC number	231-153-3
	Where appropriate, and unless otherwise stated, data are given for 100 kPa (1 bar) and 298.15 K (25 °C).
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boron ← carbon → nitrogen

—
↑
C
↓
Si

Carbon (symbol: C) is a chemical element.

Notes and references

Notes

↑ This is an idealized value for the density of graphite: real samples have lower densities because of crystal defects.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 All values are for graphite.

References

↑ Carbon. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C>. (accessed 22 September 2010).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 296–378. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
↑ Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
↑ Moore, Charlotte E. Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra. Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.) 1970, 34, 1–22, <http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS34.pdf>.
↑ Scheer, Michael; Bilodeau, René C.; Brodie, Cicely. A.; Haugen, Harold K. Systematic study of the stable states of C⁻, Si⁻, Ge⁻, and Sn⁻ via infrared laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 1998, 58 (4), 2844–56. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2844.
↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
↑ Bondi, A. van der Waals Volumes and Radii. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68 (3), 441–51. DOI: 10.1021/j100785a001.
↑ Cox, J. D.; Wagman, D. D.; Medvedev, V. A. CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics; Hemisphere: New York, 1989. ISBN 0891167587, <http://www.codata.org/resources/databases/key1.html>.

External links

See also the corresponding article on Wikipedia.

WebElements

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[1] This is an idealized value for the density of graphite: real samples have lower densities because of crystal defects.

[graphite-4] 2.0 ^2.1 All values are for graphite.

[NIST-2] Carbon. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C>. (accessed 22 September 2010).

[G.26E-3] 2.0 ^2.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 296–378. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.

[5] Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.

[6] Moore, Charlotte E. Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra. Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.) 1970, 34, 1–22, <http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS34.pdf>.

[7] Scheer, Michael; Bilodeau, René C.; Brodie, Cicely. A.; Haugen, Harold K. Systematic study of the stable states of C⁻, Si⁻, Ge⁻, and Sn⁻ via infrared laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 1998, 58 (4), 2844–56. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2844.

[8] Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.

[9] Bondi, A. van der Waals Volumes and Radii. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68 (3), 441–51. DOI: 10.1021/j100785a001.

[10] Cox, J. D.; Wagman, D. D.; Medvedev, V. A. CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics; Hemisphere: New York, 1989. ISBN 0891167587, <http://www.codata.org/resources/databases/key1.html>.

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[2]

[Note 2]

[Note 1]

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[4]

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[8]

Carbon

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