Lithium

Atomic properties
Atomic number	3
Standard atomic weight	6.941(2)
Electron configuration	1s2 2s1
Physical properties
Melting point	179 °C (452 K)
Boiling point	1317 °C (1590 K)
Density	0.534 g cm−3 (20 °C)
Chemical properties
Electronegativity	0.98 (Pauling)
Solubility in water	reacts violently
Ionization energies
1st	5.391 718 96(64) eV; 517.658 593(60) kJ mol−1
2nd	75.638 eV; 7298.0 kJ mol−1
3rd	122.451 eV; 11 814.7 kJ mol−1
Total	203.481 eV; 19 632.9 kJ mol−1
Electron affinity
	0.618 050(74) eV; 59.6328(72) kJ mol−1
Atomic radii
Covalent radius	128 pm
Metallic radius	152 pm
Ionic radius	73.0 pm (Li+, Td)
Van der Waals radius	182 pm
Thermodynamic properties
Standard entropy	29.12(20) J K−1 mol−1
Enthalpy change of atomization	159.3(10) kJ mol−1
Entropy change of atomization	109.66(20) J K−1 mol−1
Enthalpy change of fusion	2.38 kJ mol−1
Enthalpy change of vaporization	148 kJ mol−1
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	DANGER
GHS hazard statements	H260, H314
Miscellaneous
CAS number	7439-93-2
EC number	231-102-5
	Where appropriate, and unless otherwise stated, data are given for 100 kPa (1 bar) and 298.15 K (25 °C).
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helium ← lithium → beryllium

H
↑
Li
↓
Na

Lithium (symbol: Li) is a chemical element, the lightest of the alkali metals.

Notes and references

Notes

↑ Commercially available lithium materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material.
↑ Within the European Union, the following additional hazard statement (EUH014) must also be displayed on labelling: Reacts violently with water.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lithium. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/Li>. (accessed 20 June 2010).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 75–116. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
↑ Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
↑ Moore, Charlotte E. Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra. Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.) 1970, 34, 1–22, <http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS34.pdf>.
↑ Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W. C. Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1985, 14 (3), 731–50. DOI: 10.1063/1.555735.
↑ Dellwo, J.; Liu, Y.; Pegg, D. J.; Alton, G. D. Near-Threshold Photodetachment of the Li⁻ Ion. Phys. Rev. A 1992, 45 (3), 1544–47. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.1544.
↑ Haeffler, G.; Hanstorp, G.; Kiyan, I.; Klinkmüller, A. E.; Ljungblad, U.; Pegg, D. J. Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement. Phys. Rev. A 1996, 53 (6), 4127–31. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127.
↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
↑ Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halids and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 1976, 32 (5), 751–67. DOI: 10.1107/S0567739476001551.
↑ Bondi, A. van der Waals Volumes and Radii. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68 (3), 441–51. DOI: 10.1021/j100785a001.
↑ Cox, J. D.; Wagman, D. D.; Medvedev, V. A. CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics; Hemisphere: New York, 1989. ISBN 0891167587, <http://www.codata.org/resources/databases/key1.html>.
↑ Index no. 003-001-00-4 of Annex VI, Part 3, to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEU L353, 31.12.2008, pp 1–1355 at p 340.

External links

See also the corresponding article on Wikipedia.

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[1] Commercially available lithium materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material.

[13] Within the European Union, the following additional hazard statement (EUH014) must also be displayed on labelling: Reacts violently with water.

[NIST-2] 1.0 ^1.1 Lithium. In NIST Chemistry WebBook; National Institute for Standards and Technology, <http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/Li>. (accessed 20 June 2010).

[G.26E-3] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 75–116. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.

[4] Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.

[5] Moore, Charlotte E. Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra. Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.) 1970, 34, 1–22, <http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS34.pdf>.

[6] Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W. C. Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1985, 14 (3), 731–50. DOI: 10.1063/1.555735.

[7] Dellwo, J.; Liu, Y.; Pegg, D. J.; Alton, G. D. Near-Threshold Photodetachment of the Li⁻ Ion. Phys. Rev. A 1992, 45 (3), 1544–47. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.1544.

[8] Haeffler, G.; Hanstorp, G.; Kiyan, I.; Klinkmüller, A. E.; Ljungblad, U.; Pegg, D. J. Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement. Phys. Rev. A 1996, 53 (6), 4127–31. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127.

[9] Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.

[10] Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halids and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 1976, 32 (5), 751–67. DOI: 10.1107/S0567739476001551.

[11] Bondi, A. van der Waals Volumes and Radii. J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68 (3), 441–51. DOI: 10.1021/j100785a001.

[12] Cox, J. D.; Wagman, D. D.; Medvedev, V. A. CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics; Hemisphere: New York, 1989. ISBN 0891167587, <http://www.codata.org/resources/databases/key1.html>.

[14] Index no. 003-001-00-4 of Annex VI, Part 3, to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEU L353, 31.12.2008, pp 1–1355 at p 340.

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Lithium

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