Plutonium (symbol: Pu) is a chemical element, a member of the actinoid series. All isotopes of neptunium are unstable, with half-lives of less than 81 million years:[9] any plutonium that was present at the formation of the Solar System has long since decayed, although trace amounts of plutonium are naturally formed by the capture of neutrons by uranium-238.[10] Apart from these traces, plutonium is prepared artificially in nuclear reactors: about 2000 tonnes of plutonium has been prepared in this way.[11]
Plutonium was first prepared in 1940 by Glenn Seaborg and Edwin McMillan at the University of California Radiation Laboratory, by the deuteron bombardment of uranium-238.[12] It was named after the planet Pluto, by analogy with uranium, named after the planet Uranus, and neptunium, named after the planet Neptune.[13]
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Clark, David L.; Hecker, Siegfried S.; Jarvinen, Gordon D.; Neu, Mary P. Plutonium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 2, Chapter 7, pp 813–1264. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_7, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/plutonium.pdf>.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 1450–86. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
- Jump up ↑ Electrical resistivities. In Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, 16th ed., 1995; Chapter 2.6.1, <http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_1.html>. (accessed 4 April 2011).
- Jump up ↑ Allred, A. L. Electronegativity values from thermochemical data. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1961, 17 (3–4), 215–21. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5.
- Jump up ↑ Köhler, S.; Deißenberger, R.; Eberhardt, K.; Erdmann, N.; Herrmann, G.; Huber, G.; Kratz, J. V.; Nunnemann, M., et al. Determination of the first ionization potential of actinide elements by resonance ionization mass spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 1997, 52 (6), 717–26. DOI: 10.1016/S0584-8547(96)01670-9.
- Jump up ↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
- Jump up ↑ Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halids and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 1976, 32 (5), 751–67. DOI: 10.1107/S0567739476001551.
- Jump up ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref> tag;
no text was provided for refs named E&M
- Jump up ↑ Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. H. The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nucl. Phys. A 2003, 729, 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, <http://amdc.in2p3.fr/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf>.
- Jump up ↑ Peppard, D. F.; Mason, G. W.; Gray, P. R.; Mech, J. F. Occurrence of the (4n + 1) Series in Nature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 6081–84. DOI: 10.1021/ja01143a074.
- Jump up ↑ Albright, D. and Kramer, K. (2004) B. Atom. Sci., 60(6), 14–16.
- Jump up ↑ Seaborg, G. T., Wahl, A. C., and Kennedy, J. W. (1946) Phys. Rev., 69, 367.
- Jump up ↑ Seaborg, G. T. and Wahl, A. C. (1948) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70(3), 1128–34.
Further reading
- Lemire, R. J.; Fuger, J.; Nitsche, H.; Potter, P.; Rand, M. H.; Rydberg, J.; Spahiu, K.; Sullivan, J. C., et al. Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2001. ISBN 044450379X.
External links
