Americium (symbol: Am) is a synthetic chemical element, a member of the actinoid series. It is produced in commercial nuclear reactors, although it is not currently extracted during normal fuel reprocessing: nevertheless, kilogram quantities of 241Am (t½ = 432.2(7) a) and 243Am (t½ = 7.37(4) × 103 a) are available from the reprocessing of specialized fuel batches.[1] It has a number of small-scale commercial uses, particularly in domestic smoke alarms.
Americium was first prepared in 1944 in the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory.[10] It was named after the continent of America, by analogy with europium, its lanthanoid homologue, named after the continent of Europe.
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Runde, Wolfgang H.; Schulz, Wallace W. Americium. In The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd ed.; Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 3, Chapter 8, pp 1265–1395. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_8, <http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/americium.pdf>.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984; pp 1450–86. ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
- ↑ Electrical resistivities. In Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, 16th ed., 1995; Chapter 2.6.1, <http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_1.html>. (accessed 4 April 2011).
- ↑ Pauling, Linus The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd ed.; Ithaca, NY, 1960. ISBN 0-8014-0333-2.
- ↑ Deissenberger, Rüdiger; Köhler, Stefan; Ames, Friedhelm; Eberhardt, Klaus; Erdmann, Nicole; Funk, Heike; Herrmann, Günter; Kluge, Heinz-Jürgen, et al. First Determination of the Ionization Potential of Americium and Curium. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34 (7), 814–15. DOI: 10.1002/anie.199508141.
- ↑ Carlson, Thomas A.; Nestor, C. W., Jr.; Wasserman, Neil; Mcdowell, J. D. Calculated ionization potentials for multiply charged ions. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 1970, 2, 63–99. DOI: 10.1016/S0092-640X(70)80005-5.
- ↑ Cordero, Beatriz; Gómez, Verónica; Platero-Prats, Ana E.; Revés, Marc; Echeverría, Jorge; Cremades, Eduard; Barragán, Flavia; Alvarez, Santiago Covalent radii revisited. Dalton Trans. 2008 (5), 2832–38. DOI: 10.1039/b801115j.
- ↑ Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halids and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A 1976, 32 (5), 751–67. DOI: 10.1107/S0567739476001551.
- ↑ Oetting, F. L.; Rand, M. H.; Ackerman, R. J. The Chemical Thermodynamics of Actinide Elements and Compounds; IAEA: Vienna, 1976; Vol. 1. ISBN 9201490763.
- ↑ Ghiorso, A.; James, R. A.; Morgan, L. O.; Seaborg, G. T. Preparation of Transplutonium Isotopes by Neutron Irradiation. Phys. Rev. 1950, 78 (4), 472. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.78.472.
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