Difference between revisions of "Ununquadium"

Atomic properties
Atomic number	114
Electron configuration	[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2
Miscellaneous
CAS number	54085-16-4
	Where appropriate, and unless otherwise stated, data are given for 100 kPa (1 bar) and 298.15 K (25 °C).
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Revision as of 13:37, 24 May 2010

ununtrium ← ununquadium → ununpentium

Pb
↑
Uuq
↓
—

Ununquadium (symbol: Uuq) is a chemical element in group 14 of the periodic table. It has attracted interest because of the possibility that ²⁹⁸Uuq might be at the centre of a (relative) "island of stability" among superheavy nuclides^[1] and because the chemical properties of ununquadium might resemble those of the noble gases rather than other group 14 elements.^[2]

The preparation of ununquadium was claimed in 1999 by the team of Oganessian et al. at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia:^[3] these claims, and later results by the same team,^[4]^[5]^[6] are under consideration by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party on Discovery of Elements (JWP),^[7]^[8] and some have been independently verified by a team from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California.^[9]

References

↑ Nilsson, Sven Gösta; Tsang, Chin Fu; Sobiczewski, Adam; Szymański, Zdzislaw; Wycech, Slawomir; Gustafson, Christer; Lamm, Inger-Lena; Möller, Peter, et al. On the nuclear structure and stability of heavy and superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 1969, 131 (1), 1–66. DOI: 10.1016/0375-9474(69)90809-4.
↑ Pitzer, Kenneth S. Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases?. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 1032–33. DOI: 10.1063/1.431398.
↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Yeremin, A. V.; Popeko, A. G.; Bogomolov, S. L.; Buklanov, G. V.; Chelnokov, M. L.; Chepigin, V. I.; Gikal, B. N., et al. Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by ⁴⁸Ca. Nature 1999, 400, 242–45. DOI: 10.1038/22281. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83 (16), 3154–57. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154.
↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu reaction: ²⁸⁸114. Phys. Rev. C 2000, 62 (4), 041604. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of heavy nuclei in ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu interactions. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 2000, 63 (10), 1679–87. DOI: 10.1134/1.1320137. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Moody., K. J. Synthesis of ²⁹²116 in the ²⁴⁸Cm + ⁴⁸Ca reaction. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 2001, 64 (8), 1349–55. DOI: 10.1134/1.1398925. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Observation of the decay of ²⁹²116. Phys. Rev. C 2001, 63 (1), 011301. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.
↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^292−x114 and ²⁴⁵Cm(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^293−x116. Phys. Rev. C 2004, 69 (5), 054607. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607.
↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions ^233,238U, ²⁴²Pu, and ²⁴⁸Cm + ⁴⁸Ca. Phys. Rev. C 2004, 70 (6), 064609. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609.
↑ Karol, P. J.; Nakahara, H.; Petley, B. W.; Vogt, E. On the Claims for Discovery of Elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2003, 75 (10), 1601–11. DOI: 10.1351/pac200375101601.
↑ Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81 (7), 1331–43. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.
↑ Stavsetra, L.; Gregorich, K. E.; Dvorak, J.; Ellison, P. A.; Dragojević, I.; Garcia, M. A.; Nitsche, H. Independent Verification of Element 114 Production in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴²Pu Reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103 (13), 132502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.132502.

External links

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[1] Nilsson, Sven Gösta; Tsang, Chin Fu; Sobiczewski, Adam; Szymański, Zdzislaw; Wycech, Slawomir; Gustafson, Christer; Lamm, Inger-Lena; Möller, Peter, et al. On the nuclear structure and stability of heavy and superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 1969, 131 (1), 1–66. DOI: 10.1016/0375-9474(69)90809-4.

[2] Pitzer, Kenneth S. Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases?. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 1032–33. DOI: 10.1063/1.431398.

[Og99-3] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Yeremin, A. V.; Popeko, A. G.; Bogomolov, S. L.; Buklanov, G. V.; Chelnokov, M. L.; Chepigin, V. I.; Gikal, B. N., et al. Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by ⁴⁸Ca. Nature 1999, 400, 242–45. DOI: 10.1038/22281. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83 (16), 3154–57. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154.

[Og00-4] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu reaction: ²⁸⁸114. Phys. Rev. C 2000, 62 (4), 041604. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of heavy nuclei in ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu interactions. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 2000, 63 (10), 1679–87. DOI: 10.1134/1.1320137. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Moody., K. J. Synthesis of ²⁹²116 in the ²⁴⁸Cm + ⁴⁸Ca reaction. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 2001, 64 (8), 1349–55. DOI: 10.1134/1.1398925. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Observation of the decay of ²⁹²116. Phys. Rev. C 2001, 63 (1), 011301. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.

[Og03-5] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions ²⁴⁴Pu(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^292−x114 and ²⁴⁵Cm(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^293−x116. Phys. Rev. C 2004, 69 (5), 054607. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607.

[Og04-6] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions ^233,238U, ²⁴²Pu, and ²⁴⁸Cm + ⁴⁸Ca. Phys. Rev. C 2004, 70 (6), 064609. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609.

[JWP03-7] Karol, P. J.; Nakahara, H.; Petley, B. W.; Vogt, E. On the Claims for Discovery of Elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2003, 75 (10), 1601–11. DOI: 10.1351/pac200375101601.

[JWP09-8] Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81 (7), 1331–43. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.

[9] Stavsetra, L.; Gregorich, K. E.; Dvorak, J.; Ellison, P. A.; Dragojević, I.; Garcia, M. A.; Nitsche, H. Independent Verification of Element 114 Production in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴²Pu Reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103 (13), 132502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.132502.

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@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 '''Ununquadium''' (symbol: '''Uuq''') is a [[chemical element]] in [[group 14]] of the [[periodic table]]. It has attracted interest because of the possibility that <sup>298</sup>Uuq might be at the centre of a (relative) "[[island of stability]]" among superheavy nuclides<ref>{{citation | journal = Nucl. Phys. A | volume = 131 | issue = 1 | year = 1969 | pages = 1–66 | doi = 10.1016/0375-9474(69)90809-4 | title = On the nuclear structure and stability of heavy and superheavy elements | first1 = Sven Gösta | last1 = Nilsson | first2 = Chin Fu | last2 = Tsang | first3 = Adam | last3 = Sobiczewski | first4 = Zdzislaw | last4 = Szymański | first5 = Slawomir | last5 = Wycech | first6 = Christer | last6 = Gustafson | first7 = Inger-Lena | last7 = Lamm | first8 = Peter | last8 = Möller | first9 = Björn | last9 = Nilsson}}.</ref> and because the chemical properties of ununquadium might resemble those of the [[noble gas]]es rather than other group&nbsp;14 elements.<ref>{{citation | journal = J. Chem. Phys. | volume = 63 | pages = 1032–33 | year = 1975 | doi = 10.1063/1.431398 | title = Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases? | first = Kenneth S. | last = Pitzer | authorlink = Kenneth Pitzer}}.</ref>
-The preparation of ununquadium was claimed in 1999 by the team of Oganessian ''et al.'' at Dubna in Russia:<ref name="Og99">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = A. V. | last2 = Yeremin | first3 = A. G. | last3 = Popeko | first4 = S. L. | last4 = Bogomolov | first5 = G. V. | last5 = Buklanov | first6 = M. L. | last6 = Chelnokov | first7 = V. I. | last7 = Chepigin | first8 = B. N. | last8 = Gikal | first9 = V. A. | last9 = Gorshkov | first10 = G. G. | last10 = Gulbekian | first11 = M. G. | last11 = Itkis | first12 = A. P. | last12 = Kabachenko | first13 = A. Yu. | last13 = Lavrentev | first14 = O. N. | last14 = Malyshev | first15 = J. | last15 = Rohac | first16 = R. N. | last16 = Sagaidak | first17 = S. | last17 = Hofmann | first18 = S. | last18 = Saro | first19 = G. | last19 = Giardina | first20 = K. | last20 = Morita | title = Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by <sup>48</sup>Ca | journal = Nature | volume = 400 | pages = 242–45 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1038/22281}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 =  Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | title = Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the <sup>48</sup>Ca&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>244</sup>Pu reaction | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 83 | issue = 16 | pages = 3154–57 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154}}.</ref> these claims, and later results by the same team,<ref name="Og00">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | title = Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the <sup>48</sup>Ca&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>244</sup>Pu reaction: <sup>288</sup>114 | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | page = 041604 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | title = Synthesis of heavy nuclei in <sup>48</sup>Ca&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>244</sup>Pu interactions | journal = Phys. Atom. Nucl. | volume = 63 | issue = 10 | pages = 1679–87 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1134/1.1320137}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = K. J. | last3 = Moody. | title = Synthesis of <sup>292</sup>116 in the <sup>248</sup>Cm&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction | journal = Phys. Atom. Nucl. | volume = 64 | issue = 8 | pages = 1349–55 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1134/1.1398925}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | first24 = C. A. | last24 = Laue | first25 = Ye. A. | last25 = Karelin | first26 = A. N. | last26 = Tatarinov | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 63 | issue = 1 | page = 011301 | year = 2001 | title = Observation of the decay of <sup>292</sup>116 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301}}.</ref><ref name="Og03">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = D. A. | last23 = Shaughnessy | first24 = J. M. | last24 = Kenneally | first25 = R. W. | last25 = Lougheed | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | page = 054607 | year = 2004 | title = Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions <sup>244</sup>Pu(<sup>48</sup>Ca,''x''n)<sup>292−''x''</sup>114  and <sup>245</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,''x''n)<sup>293−''x''</sup>116 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607}}.</ref><ref name="Og04">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = A. A. | last15 = Voinov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Bogomolov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = V. I. | last18 = Zagrebaev | first19 = M. G. | last19 = Itkis | first20 = J. B. | last20 = Patin | first21 = K. J. | last21 = Moody | first22 = J. F. | last22 = Wild | first23 = M. A. | last23 = Stoyer | first24 = N. J. | last24 = Stoyer | first25 = D. A. | last25 = Shaughnessy | first26 = J. M. | last26 = Kenneally | first27 = P. A. | last27 = Wilk | first28 = R. W. | last28 = Lougheed | first29 = R. I. | last29 = Il’kaev | first30 = S. P. | last30 = Vesnovskii | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 70 | issue = 6 | page = 064609 | year = 2004 | title = Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions <sup>233,238</sup>U, <sup>242</sup>Pu, and <sup>248</sup>Cm&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>48</sup>Ca | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609}}.</ref> are under consideration by the [[IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party on Discovery of Elements]] (JWP).<ref name="JWP03">{{citation | first1 = P. J. | last1 = Karol | first2 = H. | last2 = Nakahara | first3 = B. W. | last3 = Petley | first4 = E. | last4 = Vogt | title = On the Claims for Discovery of Elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118 (IUPAC Technical Report) | journal = Pure Appl. Chem. | year = 2003 | volume = 75 | issue = 10 | pages = 1601–11 | doi = 10.1351/pac200375101601}}.</ref><ref name="JWP09">{{citation | journal = Pure Appl. Chem. | year = 2009 | volume = 81 | issue = 7 | pages = 1331–43 | doi = 10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05 | title = Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report) | first1 = Robert C. | last1 = Barber | first2 = Heinz W. | last2 = Gäggeler | first3 = Paul J. | last3 = Karol | first4 = Hiromichi | last4 = Nakahara | first5 = Emanuele | last5 = Vardaci | first6 = Erich | last6 = Vogt}}.</ref>
+The preparation of ununquadium was claimed in 1999 by the team of Oganessian ''et al.'' at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in Dubna, Russia:<ref name="Og99">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = A. V. | last2 = Yeremin | first3 = A. G. | last3 = Popeko | first4 = S. L. | last4 = Bogomolov | first5 = G. V. | last5 = Buklanov | first6 = M. L. | last6 = Chelnokov | first7 = V. I. | last7 = Chepigin | first8 = B. N. | last8 = Gikal | first9 = V. A. | last9 = Gorshkov | first10 = G. G. | last10 = Gulbekian | first11 = M. G. | last11 = Itkis | first12 = A. P. | last12 = Kabachenko | first13 = A. Yu. | last13 = Lavrentev | first14 = O. N. | last14 = Malyshev | first15 = J. | last15 = Rohac | first16 = R. N. | last16 = Sagaidak | first17 = S. | last17 = Hofmann | first18 = S. | last18 = Saro | first19 = G. | last19 = Giardina | first20 = K. | last20 = Morita | title = Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by <sup>48</sup>Ca | journal = Nature | volume = 400 | pages = 242–45 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1038/22281}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 =  Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | title = Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the <sup>48</sup>Ca&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>244</sup>Pu reaction | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 83 | issue = 16 | pages = 3154–57 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154}}.</ref> these claims, and later results by the same team,<ref name="Og00">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | title = Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the <sup>48</sup>Ca&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>244</sup>Pu reaction: <sup>288</sup>114 | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | page = 041604 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | title = Synthesis of heavy nuclei in <sup>48</sup>Ca&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>244</sup>Pu interactions | journal = Phys. Atom. Nucl. | volume = 63 | issue = 10 | pages = 1679–87 | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1134/1.1320137}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = K. J. | last3 = Moody. | title = Synthesis of <sup>292</sup>116 in the <sup>248</sup>Cm&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction | journal = Phys. Atom. Nucl. | volume = 64 | issue = 8 | pages = 1349–55 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1134/1.1398925}}. {{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = R. W. | last23 = Lougheed | first24 = C. A. | last24 = Laue | first25 = Ye. A. | last25 = Karelin | first26 = A. N. | last26 = Tatarinov | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 63 | issue = 1 | page = 011301 | year = 2001 | title = Observation of the decay of <sup>292</sup>116 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301}}.</ref><ref name="Og03">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = O. V. | last15 = Ivanov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Buklanov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = M. G. | last18 = Itkis | first19 = K. J. | last19 = Moody | first20 = J. F. | last20 = Wild | first21 = N. J. | last21 = Stoyer | first22 = M. A. | last22 = Stoyer | first23 = D. A. | last23 = Shaughnessy | first24 = J. M. | last24 = Kenneally | first25 = R. W. | last25 = Lougheed | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | page = 054607 | year = 2004 | title = Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions <sup>244</sup>Pu(<sup>48</sup>Ca,''x''n)<sup>292−''x''</sup>114  and <sup>245</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,''x''n)<sup>293−''x''</sup>116 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607}}.</ref><ref name="Og04">{{citation | first1 = Yu. Ts. | last1 = Oganessian | authorlink1 = Yuri Oganessian | first2 = V. K. | last2 = Utyonkov | first3 = Yu. V. | last3 = Lobanov | first4 = F. Sh. | last4 = Abdullin | first5 = A. N. | last5 = Polyakov | first6 = I. V. | last6 = Shirokovsky | first7 = Yu. S. | last7 = Tsyganov | first8 = G. G. | last8 = Gulbekian | first9 = S. L. | last9 = Bogomolov | first10 = B. N. | last10 = Gikal | first11 = A. N. | last11 = Mezentsev | first12 = S. | last12 = Iliev | first13 = V. G. | last13 = Subbotin | first14 = A. M. | last14 = Sukhov | first15 = A. A. | last15 = Voinov | first16 = G. V. | last16 = Bogomolov | first17 = K. | last17 = Subotic | first18 = V. I. | last18 = Zagrebaev | first19 = M. G. | last19 = Itkis | first20 = J. B. | last20 = Patin | first21 = K. J. | last21 = Moody | first22 = J. F. | last22 = Wild | first23 = M. A. | last23 = Stoyer | first24 = N. J. | last24 = Stoyer | first25 = D. A. | last25 = Shaughnessy | first26 = J. M. | last26 = Kenneally | first27 = P. A. | last27 = Wilk | first28 = R. W. | last28 = Lougheed | first29 = R. I. | last29 = Il’kaev | first30 = S. P. | last30 = Vesnovskii | journal = Phys. Rev. C | volume = 70 | issue = 6 | page = 064609 | year = 2004 | title = Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions <sup>233,238</sup>U, <sup>242</sup>Pu, and <sup>248</sup>Cm&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>48</sup>Ca | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609}}.</ref> are under consideration by the [[IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party on Discovery of Elements]] (JWP),<ref name="JWP03">{{citation | first1 = P. J. | last1 = Karol | first2 = H. | last2 = Nakahara | first3 = B. W. | last3 = Petley | first4 = E. | last4 = Vogt | title = On the Claims for Discovery of Elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118 (IUPAC Technical Report) | journal = Pure Appl. Chem. | year = 2003 | volume = 75 | issue = 10 | pages = 1601–11 | doi = 10.1351/pac200375101601}}.</ref><ref name="JWP09">{{citation | journal = Pure Appl. Chem. | year = 2009 | volume = 81 | issue = 7 | pages = 1331–43 | doi = 10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05 | title = Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report) | first1 = Robert C. | last1 = Barber | first2 = Heinz W. | last2 = Gäggeler | first3 = Paul J. | last3 = Karol | first4 = Hiromichi | last4 = Nakahara | first5 = Emanuele | last5 = Vardaci | first6 = Erich | last6 = Vogt}}.</ref> and some have been independently verified by a team from the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] in Berkeley, California.<ref>{{citation | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 103 | issue = 13 | page = 132502 | year = 2009 | title = Independent Verification of Element 114 Production in the <sup>48</sup>Ca&nbsp;+&nbsp;<sup>242</sup>Pu Reaction | first1 = L. | last1 = Stavsetra | first2 = K. E. | last2 = Gregorich | first3 = J. | last3 = Dvorak | first4 = P. A. | last4 = Ellison | first5 = I. | last5 = Dragojević | first6 = M. A. | last6 = Garcia | first7 = H. | last7 = Nitsche | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.132502}}.</ref>
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Difference between revisions of "Ununquadium"

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