Ununquadium
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Ununquadium (symbol: Uuq) is a chemical element in group 14 of the periodic table. It has attracted interest because of the possibility that 298Uuq might be at the centre of a (relative) "island of stability" among superheavy nuclides[1] and because the chemical properties of ununquadium might resemble those of the noble gases rather than other group 14 elements.[2]
The preparation of ununquadium was claimed in 1999 by the team of Oganessian et al. at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia:[3] these claims, and later results by the same team,[4][5][6] are under consideration by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party on Discovery of Elements (JWP),[7][8] and some have been independently verified by a team from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California.[9]
Preparation
Early claims
The original claims from Dubna were for 24294Pu(4820Ca,3n)287114Uuq and 24494Pu(4820Ca,3n)289114Uuq, with one observed decay chain from each reaction.[3]
References
- ↑ Nilsson, Sven Gösta; Tsang, Chin Fu; Sobiczewski, Adam; Szymański, Zdzislaw; Wycech, Slawomir; Gustafson, Christer; Lamm, Inger-Lena; Möller, Peter, et al. On the nuclear structure and stability of heavy and superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 1969, 131 (1), 1–66. DOI: 10.1016/0375-9474(69)90809-4.
- ↑ Pitzer, Kenneth S. Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases?. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 1032–33. DOI: 10.1063/1.431398.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Yeremin, A. V.; Popeko, A. G.; Bogomolov, S. L.; Buklanov, G. V.; Chelnokov, M. L.; Chepigin, V. I.; Gikal, B. N., et al. Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by 48Ca. Nature 1999, 400, 242–45. DOI: 10.1038/22281. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the 48Ca + 244Pu reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83 (16), 3154–57. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154.
- ↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the 48Ca + 244Pu reaction: 288114. Phys. Rev. C 2000, 62 (4), 041604. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Synthesis of heavy nuclei in 48Ca + 244Pu interactions. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 2000, 63 (10), 1679–87. DOI: 10.1134/1.1320137. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Moody., K. J. Synthesis of 292116 in the 248Cm + 48Ca reaction. Phys. Atom. Nucl. 2001, 64 (8), 1349–55. DOI: 10.1134/1.1398925. Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Observation of the decay of 292116. Phys. Rev. C 2001, 63 (1), 011301. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.
- ↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions 244Pu(48Ca,xn)292−x114 and 245Cm(48Ca,xn)293−x116. Phys. Rev. C 2004, 69 (5), 054607. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607.
- ↑ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G., et al. Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions 233,238U, 242Pu, and 248Cm + 48Ca. Phys. Rev. C 2004, 70 (6), 064609. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609.
- ↑ Karol, P. J.; Nakahara, H.; Petley, B. W.; Vogt, E. On the Claims for Discovery of Elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, and 118 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2003, 75 (10), 1601–11. DOI: 10.1351/pac200375101601.
- ↑ Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81 (7), 1331–43. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.
- ↑ Stavsetra, L.; Gregorich, K. E.; Dvorak, J.; Ellison, P. A.; Dragojević, I.; Garcia, M. A.; Nitsche, H. Independent Verification of Element 114 Production in the 48Ca + 242Pu Reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103 (13), 132502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.132502.
Further reading
- Seth, Michael; Faegri, Knut; Schwerdtfeger, Peter The Stability of the Oxidation State +4 in Group 14 Compounds from Carbon to Element 114. Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. 1998, 37 (18), 2493–96. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981002)37:18<2493::AID-ANIE2493>3.0.CO;2-F.
- Landau, Arie; Eliav, Ephraim; Ishikawa, Yasuyuki; Kaldor, Uzi Electronic structure of eka-lead (element 114) compared with lead. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 114, 2977. DOI: 10.1063/1.1342763.
- Nash, Clinton S. Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109 (15), 3493–3500. DOI: 10.1021/jp050736o.
- Pershina, V.; Anton, J.; Fricke, B. Intermetallic compounds of the heaviest elements and their homologs: The electronic structure and bonding of MM′, where M = Ge, Sn, Pb, and element 114, and M′ = Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, Pb, and element 114. J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 127, 134310. DOI: 10.1063/1.2770712.
- Pershina, V.; Anton, J.; Jacob, T. Theoretical predictions of adsorption behavior of elements 112 and 114 and their homologs Hg and Pb. J. Chem. Phys. 2009, 131, 084713. DOI: 10.1063/1.3212449.
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